Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography > chapter 8 hazards > Flashcards

chapter 8 hazards Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

hazard definition

A

A threat that has the potential to cause loss of life injury property damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hazards event definition

A

The occurrence of a hazard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

vulnerability definition

A

The geographic condition that increase the susceptibility of a community to a hazard or to the impact of a hazard event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Risk definition

A

The probability of a hazard event causing harmful consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Characterizing hazards and disasters

A 
Magnitude
Frequency
Duration
Area extent
Spatial concentration
Speed of onset
Regularity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Earthquake definition

A

A sudden violent shake of the earth’s surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Focus definition

A

The place beneath the ground where the earthquake took place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Epicenter

A

The point in the ground above focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Earthquake distribution

A

Earthquakes occurs in linear patterns around the plate boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Four types of boundaries

A

Destructive plate boundaries are associate with broad belts of earthquakes
Constructive plate boundaries are associate with narrow belts of earthquakes where the plates moving apart and new material forms
Collision boundaries
Conservative plate boundaries where the plates sliding pass each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to measure earthquake

A 
1 The Richter Scale
   Seismograph
   Log relation
2 Mercalli Scale
    Observation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Factors affecting earthquake damage

A 
1. Strength and depth and numbers of aftershocks
    (Shallower more damage)
2. Population density
3. Type of buildings
4. Time of the day
5. Distance from the center of the earthquake 
6. Type of rock
7. Secondary hazards
8. Economic development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dealing with earthquakes

A

Improve forecast

Improve building

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Predict earthquake

A 
Crustal movements
Electrical conductivity
Animal behavior
Water level
Foreshocks
Historic evidence
Ground tilt
Rock stress
Magnetic field
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Case study of earthquake

A

Kobe Japan
7.2 Richter Scale
Many people were asleep
Destroy buildings schools hospitals
Condition worsened due to rain winds landslides fire
Outbreak of diseases unhygienic condition not enough resources
Over 1000 aftershocks

Muzaffarabad Kashmir
7.7Richter Scale
Buildings were wrecked
People sleep in the open
Broken water sanitation system
Outbreak of disease
Shortage of tents medicine clothes and food
Not receive enough responses and support from other nations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Volcanoes definition

A

An opening through the earth’s crust through which lava gases ash erupt. Eruption happens when the pressure under the crust builds up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Magma definition

A

Molten material inside the earth’s interior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lava definition

A

The magma ejected at the earth’s surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chamber

A

The reservoir of magma inside the volcano

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Crater

A

The depression at the top of the volcano following a volcanic erruption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Vent

A

The channel through which the magma reaches the surface

22
Q

Distribution of volcanoes

A 
Many are submarine 
At plate boundaries
Hotspots
Pacific ring of fire
Plate collide with its neighbors
23
Q

Predict eruption

A
  1. Seismometer tiny earthquake
  2. Sulphur level
  3. Physical swelling of the volcano
  4. Low frequency waves
  5. Observation
  6. Temperature
  7. Animal

Hard to predict when and how long a eruption will be

24
Q

Types of volcano

A 
1. Shield volcanoes
 Gentle sloping
 Produced by very hot runny lava
  Gas can escape easily
  Constructive plate boundaries
2. Cone shaped volcanoes
  Produced by thick material
  Huge explosion
  Destructive plate boundaries
25
Q

Materials ejected from the volcanoes

A

Pyroclastic flows: super hot flows of ash and rocks

Cinder: small sized rocks and ash like material

26
Q

Measuring volcanic strength

A 
Volcanic explosive index (VEI)
Based on:
Amount of material ejected
Height of the clouds
Amount of damage
27
Q

Living with volcanoes

A
  1. Some countries are created by volcanoes
  2. Volcanic soils are rich and fertile good for agriculture and grazing
  3. Tourism attraction
  4. Symbolic value
28
Q

Hurricanes definition

A

Hurricanes are low pressure system that can bring huge rainfall and strong winds. It can also cause flooding and mudslides

29
Q

Formation of hurricane

A
  1. Develop as low pressure system over tropical oceans
  2. Wind spiral rapidly around the eye
  3. Strong wind caused by large contrast in pressure
  4. Hurricane move excess heat from low latitude to high latitudes
  5. Low pressure cause warm air to rise
30
Q

Condition for formation

A
  1. Sea temperatures must over 27 to provide heat that drive the hurricane
  2. The low pressure area must be away from equator so the Coriolis force can cause rotation
  3. Condition must be unstable
31
Q

Impact of hurricanes

A

The Saffir-Simpson scale
Based on wind intensity
Hard to predict

32
Q

Case study of hurricane

A

Katrina
New Orleans category 4 hurricane
Linger around didn’t pass through
Flooded most of the city and killed over 1000 people cost 80 billion
The Mississippi delta is sinking
Sea level rising
Cost a lot to save the delta’s wetland and settlements

Cyclone Nargis
In Burma
90%buildings are damaged
70%population dead or missing
The land is fertile but lie low above sea level and vulnerable to flooding
33
Q

Drought definition

A

An extended period of dry weather leading to extremely dry conditions

Absolute drought and partial drought depends on the culture that defines them

34
Q

Dry area rainfall

A

Dry area has low rainfall and variable rainfall

35
Q

Cause of arid condition

A
  1. Global atmospheric circulation
  2. Distance from the sea
  3. Cold offshore current
  4. Rain-shadow effect
  5. Human activity
36
Q

Case study of drought

A 
Europe drought in 2003
Death toll of 30000
Low harvest 
Demand for electricity
Nuclear power station can't operate at full capacity due to little water
Worst forest fire
Import food

Drought in Africa
Southern Ethiopia experienced the longest drought
Sixth poor rain season
10million people lack food

37
Q

Hazards related to drought

A
  1. Declining water resources
  2. Flooding of valleys
  3. Soil erosion
  4. Surface subsidence
  5. Deposition of river sediments
  6. Landslides
  7. Weathering
    Semi-arid is more likely to have runoff
38
Q

Technological hazards

A

The misuse of technology endanger lives and property. It’s mostly people who caused the disaster

39
Q

Case study of technological hazard

A

Pollution in Iraq
Due to wars
Area contaminated with high level of radiation and dioxin
Come from depleted uranium during the first Gulf War
Decline in the health of people
Birth defects
Lack sewerage system
Create sickness
Wastelands
Intensified by droughts
When river reaches Iraq it is often contaminated

40
Q

Why live in hazard area

A 
Poverty
Fertile land 
Energy
Tourism
Resources
Beauty
Family
Employment
Prediction
Preparation
Hazard recurrence
Building design
Defense
41
Q

Vulnerability to natural hazards

A 
Population density
Understanding of the area
Public education
Awareness of the hazard
Warning system 
Effectiveness of communication
Availability of emergency personnel
Poverty
Construction and buildings
Nature of society
Cultural factors
42
Q

Case study of social vulnerability

A 
Hurricane Katrina
People with cars are able to get away
Most people injured or homeless are from poor ethnic groups
Below poverty line
Without others help
Racial and class inequalities

Haiti
Youthful and rapid growing population in urban city
Aquifers and floodplain can’t function as natural water storage and filters
Hard surface can’t penetrate prevent water from recharge the aquifer

Poverty rapid population growth and unplanned urbanization

43
Q

Risk analysis

A

R=H•Pop•Vul

R=risk
H=annual hazard occurrence probability
Pop=population
Vul=vulnerability

44
Q

Case study predict volcano

A

Volcano on Caribbean island of Montserrat
Most of the population was forced to flee abroad
Monitor changes in the surface of volcano
Hazards risk map

45
Q

Stages in disaster

A 
Everyday life risk
Trigger a hazard
Impact
Secondary damage
Rescue aid
Clean up
Reconstruction
46
Q

Response to disasters

Case study

A

Sichuan China
Swift rescue
Willingness to accept foreign aid

Burma 
Cyclone Nargis
Refuse foreign aid
Lack shelter food 
A death toll higher than it need to be
47
Q

Hazards response Case study

A

Haiti 2010
Earthquake occur near nation’s capital
One third of the population were affected
Plates have been accumulating power
Epicenter close and shallow
City overcrowded and poorly constructed buildings
UN provide food
Dominican repair facilities
Financial assistance
Haiti is powerless poor health service bad government never force building code
Aid change to provide shelters to withstand rain and landslide

Rebuilding
Blueprint
Investment targets infrastructure basic services and combat soil erosion

48
Q

Case study Benzene

A 
Songhua River China
Explosion of chemical plant release benzene into the river
Contaminated water beyond safe limits
Authorities denied pollution
Water cut off without warning
Price of water doubled import
International protests
Afraid polluted water leak into their nations
49
Q

Adjustments and responses to hazards

A
  1. Accept the hazard
  2. Adjust to living
  3. Leave the area

How depends on

  1. Type of hazard
  2. Risk of hazard
  3. Likely cost

Ways of managing the consequences

  1. Modifying hazard event
  2. Improve forecasting
  3. Share the cost
50
Q

Hurricane watches

A 
Before
1. Emergency supply
2. Bring in objects
3 Remove antenna
4. Store water food
5. Go to shelter 
During
1. Stay in shelter
2. Blankets and valuables
3. Have flashlight
After
1. Assist in rescue
2. Clean up debris
3. Report damage
4. Watch out for secondary hazard
5. Seek medical attention
51
Q

Three stages after hazards

A
  1. Rescue
  2. Rehabilitation
  3. Reconstruction
52
Q

Reconstruction Haiti

A 
Stage1. 
Rescue
Stage2. 
Assessment by organizations
Stage3. 
Coordination on national level
Stage4. 
Rehabilitation. Rebuild infrastructures
Stage5. 
Major reconstruction programs
International communities

Geography (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions