Chapter1 Flashcards
What are the 4 aspects of diesease
etiology
pathogenesis
molecular/morphologic changes
clinical manifestations
increased demand or stimulation can lead to what cell adaptation
hyperplasia and hypertrophy
decreased nutrients and decreased stimulation can lead to what cell adaptations
atrophy
chronic irritation can lead to what cell adaptations
metaplasia
what type of stimuli can lead to cellular swelling and fatty changes classified as acute reversible injuries
acute and transient reduced O2, chemical injury, microbial infection
progressive and severe reduced O2, chemical injury, microbial infection can cause what
cell death
necrosis or apoptosis
what can lead to intracellular accumulations; calcifications
metabolic alterations, genetic or acquired; chronic injury
what stimulates hypertrophy
hormones and growth factors increase the demand
how come heart and skel m hypertophy more
striated mm have a limited capacity for division
what is the the cause of increased size in cells
increased production of cellular proteins
what are factors that have been proven to trigger hypertrophy
increased work load
TGFbeta, insulin-like GF(IGF-1), fibroblast growth factor, alpha adrenergic agonists, endothelia-1 and Ang II
What are the 2 main biochem pathways invovled with muscle hypertrophy
phosphoinositide-3kinase AKt pathway
signaling downstream of GPCRs
Why do drug abusers constantly have to increase the amount of intake for the same response
hypertrophy in sER in hepatocytes because increasing number of enzymes which detoxify drugs
cytochrom p-450
what are the types of physiologic hyperplasias
hormonal hyperplasia and compensatory
most forms of pathologic hyperplasia are caused by what
excesses of hormones or GF on target cells
what are common causes of patholigc atrophy
decreased workload loss of innervation diminished blood supply inadequate nutrition loss of endocrine stimulation pressure
severe decreased workload induced atrophy can lead to what other disease
osteoporosis from increased bone resorption
What is senile atrophy
reduced blood supply caused nu atherosclerosis in brain and heart
what is marasmus
profound protein-calorie malnutrition
what is cachexia
marked muscle wasting
what causes cachexia in chronic inflammatory disease patients
chronic overproduction of inflammatory cytokine tmor necrosis factor TNF
responsible for appetite suppression and lipid depletion, culminating in muscle atrophy
describe atrophy secondary to pressure
tumors compressing surrounding tissues, compromise of blood because of the pressure on the blood vessel
In atrophic muslces describe cellular components
decrease in cell size and organelles, like fewer mitochondria and myofilaments. reduced amounts of rER
what cellular mechanism causes atrophy
decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation