Chapter1 Flashcards
Characteristics of Life
1 cellular organization
2 order complexity
3 stimuli
4 grow, develop, reproduce
5 energy utilization
6 homeostasis
Macromolecule
1 carbohydrates 2 proteins 3 nucleic acid 4 lipids or fats
Regulation, sensitivity, Homeostasis
Control of response
Respond to stimuli
Steady state maintained by regulation and sensitivity
Asexual
Clones
Binary fission
1 cell equals 2 cells
Multiple fission
1 cells equals 2+cells
Sexual reproduction
2 cells equals 1 cell
Growth
Gain more cells
Cells grow larger
Development
Cells change during life cycle
Primary producers
Plants. Convert sun energy to food
Primary consumer
Convert chemical energy from plant molecules into chemical energy in their molecules
Secondary consumer
Convert chemical energy from primary consumer molecules into chemical energy in their molecules
Bacteria
Prokaryote
Single cell
No membrane bound nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Archaea
Prokaryote
Single cell
No membrane bound nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Eukarya
Eukaryote
Single or multi cell
Membrane bound nucleus and organelles
Deductive reasoning
General to specific
Inductive reasoning
Specific to general
Scientific method
1 observation
1a question ‘why’
1b research
2 hypothesis
3 prediction
4 experiments
4a analyze results
5 conclusion
Hypothesis
Possible explanation for an observation
1 independent variable
2 dependent viable
3 possible mechanism
Mechanism
Why it happened that way
Prediction
If. Then. Statement
Reductionism
Break down complex process to simpler parts
Systems biology
Focus on emergent properties that can’t be understood by looking at smaller parts
Models
Use lots of small experiments to make predictions of larger ideas
Scientific theory
Body of interconnected concepts. Supported by expiremental evidence and scientific reasoning
Basic research
Intended to extend the boundaries of what we know. Gov grants. Universities
Applied research
Foundation provided by basic research. May involve manufacture of goods. Companies
Descent with modification
Evolution. Darwin
Geometrically increase
Animals and plants increase by multiplication
Arithmetically increase
Humans can only increase food by addition
Pheontype
How you look. Driven by genes and environment
Genotype
Type of alleles
Allele
?
Homologous
Same evolutionary origin but different structure and function
Analogous
Structure different origin but used for same purpose. (Butterfly and bird wings)
Gene
Discrete unit of information that encode RNA and proteins that serve as function in the cell.
Recipes
Genome
Entire set of DNA instructions
