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Cell Biology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biological molecules consist primarily of

A

Carbon bonded to carbon or carbon bonded to hydrogen (hydrocarbons)

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2
Q

Functional Groups

A

Carbon may be bonded to functional groups with specific properties (usually polar)

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3
Q

Hydroxyl

A

−OH
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid, lipids

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4
Q

Carbonyl

A

O
II
−C −
Carbohydrates, nucleic acids

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5
Q

Carboxyl

A

O
//
−C
\
OH
Proteins, lipids

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6
Q

Amino

A

H
/
−N
\
H
Proteins, nucleic acids

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7
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

−S− H
Proteins

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8
Q

Phosphate

A

O-
|
− O − P− O-
II
O
Nucleic acids

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9
Q

Methyl

A

H
|
− C− H
|
H
Proteins

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10
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules with the same chemical formula

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11
Q

Structural isomers

A

Functional groups attached to different parts of C- skeleton
Bonds in different locations

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12
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Different arrangements of functional groups on same C- skeleton
Flipped direction

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13
Q

Chiral

A

Molecules are mirror image
Dextrorotatory- Right hand form
Levorotatory - left hand form

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14
Q

Monomers

A

Single subunits or “block”

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15
Q

Polymer

A

Many units or “blocks”

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16
Q

Polypeptide

A

Protein

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17
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Formation of large molecules by the removal of water (monomers joined to create polymers)

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18
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water (polymers breakdown to monomers)

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19
Q

Carbohydrates

A

1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CH²O)n
Good energy storage
(C−H breaks bond to create energy)

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20
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Glucose. Single sugar. 6 carbons. Energy storage

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21
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 momosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis. Used for sugar transport or energy storage

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22
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Long chains of sugar. Energy storage. Structural support. Plants use starch and cellulose. Animals glycogen (stored in liver). Crustaceans, insects use chitin

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23
Q

Nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA, & ATP (energy of cell).
Specialized for storage, transmission, and use of genetic information

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24
Q

Nucleotides

A

Polymer of nucleic acids.
Sugar+phosphate+nitrogenous base

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25
Q

Deoxyribose

A

Sugar in DNA

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26
Q

Ribose

A

Sugar in RNA

27
Q

Nitrogenous base of purines

A

Adenine and Guanine
A and G
2 Rings

28
Q

Nitrogenous base of pyrimidines

A

Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil
T, C, and U
Single ring

29
Q

DNA contains…

A

A, T, G, and C

30
Q

RNA contains…

A

A, U, G, and C

31
Q

To make a nucleic acid polymers (DNA or RNA)

A

You need phospodiester bonds (phosphorus connected between nucleotides)

32
Q

Complementary Purine and Pyrimidines

A

A&T (2 H bonds)
G&C (3 H bonds)

33
Q

DNA Helix and function

A

2 polynucleotide strands connected by Hydrogen bonds. Double Helix
Genetic information carried in sequence of nucleotides

34
Q

Polynucleotide strands are

A

complementary

35
Q

RNA strand type & function

A

single polynucleotide strand
(Read genetic info on DNA)
Direct the synthesis of proteins

36
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

Primary energy use of cells

37
Q

NAD+ and FAD

A

carry and move electrons (move energy) for cellular reactions

38
Q

Protein Functions

A

Enzyme catalyst
Defense
Transport
Support
Motion
Regulation
Storage

39
Q

Proteins are …

A

polymers (polypeptides) of amino acids (monomers)

40
Q

Amino Acids

A

20 different (12 synthesized)
joined by dehydration synthesis
Peptide bonds form between adjacent amino acids

41
Q

Amino Acid structure

A

Central carbon atom surrounded by
amino group
carboxyl group
single hydrogen
variable R group

42
Q

R group dictates

A

Chemical properties of amino acid

43
Q

Amino Acid classification

A

Nonpolar
Poplar
charged
aromatic ( ring like)
Special function

44
Q

Primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

45
Q

Secondary structure

A

Interaction of groups in the peptide backbone, H-bonds between Amino Acids
(alpha helix, beta sheet)

46
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Final folded shape of globular protein with single polypeptide chain.

47
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Arrangement of individual chains (subunits) in a protein with 2 or more polypeptide chains

48
Q

Domains

A

Specific functions. (Functional units within a larger structure)

49
Q

Chaperone Proteins

A

Help proteins fold correctly, form bonds properly and in correct form. Enter chamber and ATP energy alters condition (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)
(Shape determines function)

50
Q

Denaturation

A

change in shape of protein, causing loss of function. (Effects secondary, tertiary and quaternary) Not primary

51
Q

Lipids and main categories

A

Group of molecules that are insoluble in water (No true monomer)
Fats (triglycerides)
Phospholipids
(Steroids, waxes)

52
Q

Triglycerides

A

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Animal fat, plant oil
Store two times more energy than carbohydrates.

53
Q

Fatty acids (tails/chains) are

A

Long hydrocarbon chains
saturated
unsaturated
polyunsaturated

54
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

single carbon - carbon bonds
single H - C bonds
(saturated with hydrogen, no double C bonds) Linear, straight, solid at room temp (animal fat, butter)

55
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Some double C bonds. Causes kinks/bends. Liquid at room temp (vegetable oil)

56
Q

Phospholipids

A

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group
Contain polar heads (phosphate, hydrophilic) and nonpolar tails (fatty acid hydrophobic)
Can be saturated or unsaturated

57
Q

Phospholipids spontaneously form (2 options)

A

Micelles ( single layer ball) or lipid bilayers.

58
Q

Micelles

A

can be formed within cells (ball, single layer) Hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic heads

59
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Forms cell membranes, (hydrophobic) tails create selectively permeable barrier for control/regulation. Hydrophilic heads outwards

60
Q

Carbohydrate cellular structure, polymer, monomer, and type of bond

A

Starch- chloroplast
Polymer- Starch
Monomer- Monosaccharide
Glycosidic bond (O with 2 sugars)

61
Q

Nucleic acid cellular structure, polymer, monomer, and type of bond

A

Chromosome
Monomer - DNA RNA
Polymer- nucleotide
Phosphodiester bonds (phosphate group)

62
Q

Protein cellular structure, polymer, monomer, and type of bond

A

Hemoglobin
Monomer - polypeptide
Polymer - amino acid
Peptide bond (O=C - N=H

63
Q

Lipid cellular structure, polymer, monomer, and type of bond

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Polymer - triglycerides
Monomer - no true monomer
Ester bonds C - O - C = O

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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