Chapter01 - Chapter01 Flashcards
due process
a fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen’s entitlement.(justice, fairness, impartiality)فرایند قانونیEveryone has the right to due process in court.
defendant
an individual, company, or institution sued or accused in a court of law.(accused, respondent, litigant)مدافعThe defendant pleaded not guilty to the charges.
procedural
relating to an established or official way of doing something.(methodical, systematic, formal)رویه‌ایProcedural guidelines must be followed during the investigation.
double jeopardy
the prosecution of a person twice for the same offense, which is prohibited in legal systems.(retrial, repeat prosecution)خطر مضاعفThe principle of double jeopardy prevents the retrial of a person acquitted of a crime.
fragmentation
the process or state of breaking or being broken into small or separate parts.(division, disintegration, shattering)تجزیه و تحلیلThe fragmentation of the empire led to the rise of small kingdoms.
arraignment
the action of arraigning someone in court.(indictment, prosecution, charging)تفهیم اتهامDuring the arraignment, the charges against the defendant are read.
forensic
relating to or denoting the application of scientific methods and techniques to the investigation of crime.(scientific, crime-related, investigative)پزشکی قانونیForensic evidence played a key role in solving the case.
ex post facto
a law that makes illegal an act that was legal when committed, increases the penalties for an infraction after it has been committed, or changes the rules of evidence to make conviction easier.(retroactive, retrospective)قانون پس از واقعهAn ex post facto law cannot be applied to cases that occurred before its enactment.
interdependent
mutually reliant on each other.(mutual, reciprocal, interconnected)وابسته به یکدیگرThe different branches of government are interdependent.
acquittal
a judgment that a person is not guilty of the crime with which they have been charged.(exoneration, discharge, absolution)تبرئهThe jury returned a verdict of acquittal.
editorial
a newspaper article expressing the editor’s opinion on a topical issue.(opinion piece, commentary, leader)سرمقالهThe latest editorial discusses the impact of new laws on society.
statutory
required, permitted, or enacted by statute.(legal, legislative, regulatory)قانونیStatutory obligations must be fulfilled by all citizens.
alibi
a claim or piece of evidence that one was elsewhere when an act, typically a criminal one, is alleged to have taken place.(excuse, defense, plea)بهانهShe provided an alibi for the night of the crime.
plea
a formal statement by or on behalf of a defendant or prisoner, stating guilt or innocence in response to a charge, offering an excuse or mitigation.(appeal, petition, entreaty)التماس درخواست تقاضا
The defendant entered a plea of not guilty.
tort
a wrongful act or an infringement of a right (other than under contract) leading to civil legal liability.(injury, wrong, injustice)دعوای حقوقیThe lawsuit was based on a claim of tort.
incommunicado
not able, wanting, or allowed to communicate with others.(isolated, unreachable, inaccessible)بدون ارتباطThe prisoner was held incommunicado.
litigate
engage in a legal proceeding or seek relief in a court of law; sue.(sue, prosecute, contest)دعوا کردنThey chose to litigate rather than settle the dispute.
content
in a state of peaceful happiness.(satisfied, pleased, happy)محتوا, آرامشHe seemed more content, less bitter.
subsequent
coming after something in time; following.(later, ensuing, succeeding)بعدیThe book discusses the events of the subsequent years.
interdependence
the dependence of two or more people or things on each other.(mutuality, reliance, reciprocity)وابستگی متقابلThe study shows the interdependence of the two countries.
fictionalize
to create fiction from, make into fiction.(fabricate, invent, make up)داستانی کردنThe movie fictionalizes the life of the famous painter.
interrelated
having a mutual or reciprocal relation or parallel, correlative.(connected, linked, associated)مرتبطThe chapters are interrelated, forming a coherent whole.
substantive
having a firm basis in reality and so important, meaningful, or considerable.(significant, essential, real)ماهویThey had a substantive discussion on the issue.
arbitrariness
the quality of being based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.(whimsicality, capriciousness, randomness)خودسرانهThe decision was criticized for its arbitrariness.
scrounge
seek to obtain (something, typically food or money) at the expense or through the generosity of others or by stealth.(beg, borrow, forage)گدایی کردنHe managed to scrounge enough money to buy a bus ticket.
seizure
the action of capturing someone or something using force.(capture, apprehension, takeover)تشنجThe police made a seizure of illegal drugs.
atypical
not representative of a type, group, or class.(unusual, nonstandard, uncommon)غیر معمولThe symptoms were atypical for the common cold.
deem
regard or consider in a specified way.(consider, believe, think)تصور کردنThe event was deemed a great success.
foolproof
incapable of going wrong or being misused.(infallible, unfailing, fail-safe)بی‌خطاThey designed a foolproof system.
corpus
a collection of written texts, especially the entire works of a particular author or a body of writing on a particular subject.(compilation, collection, body)مجموعهThe corpus of Shakespeare’s plays is studied worldwide.
intent
intention or purpose.(aim, purpose, objective)نیتThe intent of the law is to protect consumers.
adversary
one’s opponent in a contest, conflict, or dispute.(opponent, rival, enemy)دشمنHe saw her as his main adversary in the competition.
appellate
having the power to hear appeals and to reverse lower court decisions.(judicial, legal, reconsidering)تجدید نظرThe appellate court overturned the previous ruling.
insightful
having or showing an accurate and deep understanding; perceptive.(perceptive, discerning, intuitive)بینشHer book provides insightful analysis of the problem.
verdict
a decision on a disputed issue in a civil or criminal case or an inquest.(judgment, decision, ruling)حکمThe jury returned a verdict of not guilty.
precedent
an earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances.(example, model, standard)سابقهThe case set a precedent for future defamation suits.
overzealous
too zealous in attitude or behavior.(excessive, fanatical, fervent)بیش از حد مشتاقHis overzealous enforcement of the rules irritated his colleagues.
statute
a written law passed by a legislative body.(law, regulation, enactment)قانونThe new statute limits the powers of the police.
respondent
a defendant in a lawsuit, especially one in an appeals or divorce case.(defendant, answerer, replier)پاسخ دهندهThe respondent refused to settle the case out of court.
delinquency
minor crime, especially that committed by young people.(misconduct, misbehavior, wrongdoing)بزهکاریPrograms for preventing juvenile delinquency have been implemented.
omnipresence
the state of being widespread or constantly encountered.(ubiquity, pervasiveness, universality)همه‌گیریThe omnipresence of social media is noticeable in modern life.
adversarial
involving or characterized by conflict or opposition.(antagonistic, confrontational, combative)خصمانهThe adversarial nature of the legal system can be challenging.
judiciary
the judicial authorities of a country; judges collectively.(judicial system, judiciary branch, magistracy)قوه قضائیهThe independence of the judiciary is crucial for a fair legal system.
crusader
a person who campaigns vigorously for political, social, or religious change; a campaigner.(activist, campaigner, reformer)جنگجوی صلیبیShe’s known as a crusader for environmental justice.
finality
the fact or impression of being an irreversible ending.(conclusiveness, decisiveness, definitiveness)نهایتHis statement had an air of finality to it.
preliminary
preceding or done in preparation for something fuller or more important.(initial, preparatory, introductory)مقدماتیThe preliminary results indicate a victory for the party.
mediated
intervene in a dispute in order to bring about an agreement or reconciliation.(intercede, arbitrate, negotiate)میانجیگری کردنA neutral party mediated the talks between the two countries.
complementary
combining in such a way as to enhance or emphasize the qualities of each other or another.(supplementary, compatible, harmonious)مکملThe two departments have complementary roles in the organization.
detention
the action of detaining someone or the state of being detained in official custody.(custody, confinement, imprisonment)بازداشتThe suspect was held in detention awaiting trial.
larceny
theft of personal property.(theft, stealing, pilfering)دزدیHe was charged with grand larceny.
arson
the criminal act of deliberately setting fire to property.(fire-raising, pyromania, incendiarism)آتش‌سوزی عمدیPolice are investigating a case of arson in the downtown area.
perfunctorily
carried out with a minimum of effort or reflection.(hastily, cursorily, superficially)بی‌میلیHe gave a perfunctorily nod and continued working.
rehabilitation
the action of restoring someone to health or normal life through training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.(recovery, reintegration, restoration)توانبخشیRehabilitation programs are essential for reintegrating ex-prisoners into society.
heritage
property that is or may be inherited; an inheritance.(inheritance, legacy, birthright)میراثThe cultural heritage of the city is very rich.
safeguard
a measure taken to protect someone or something or to prevent something undesirable.(protection, shield, defense)حفاظتLaws were put in place to safeguard the rights of workers.
unwarranted
not justified or authorized.(unjustified, undue, unnecessary)بی‌دلیلThe criticism of his work was unwarranted.
adjudication
the action or process of adjudicating.(judgment, decision, arbitration)رسیدگی قضاییThe adjudication of the case took several months.
habeas corpus
a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person’s release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.(legal action, court order, writ)حکم حبسThe right of habeas corpus ensures that no one can be held without being charged with a specific crime.
enact
make (a bill or other proposal) law.(legislate, pass, ratify)به قانون تبدیل کردنCongress enacted the new tax reform bill.
efficiently
working in a well-organized and competent way.(effectively, proficiently, capably)به طور مؤثرThe team completed the project efficiently and ahead of schedule.
manslaughter
the crime of killing a human being without malice aforethought, or otherwise in circumstances not amounting to murder.(homicide, killing, slaying)قتل غیرعمدHe was convicted of manslaughter instead of murder.
sadistic
deriving pleasure from inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation on others.(cruel, brutal, vicious)سادیسم
The villain in the story is portrayed as a sadistic character.
fatality
an occurrence of death by accident, in war, or from disease.(death, casualty, mortality)فوتThe car accident resulted in one fatality.
permissive
allowing or characterized by great or excessive freedom of behavior.(lenient, liberal, tolerant)اجازه دادنThe permissive parenting style is not always effective.
incorporation
the inclusion of something as part of a whole.(integration, amalgamation, unification)ادغامThe incorporation of new technology into the business was a game-changer.
alimony
a husband’s or wife’s court-ordered provision for a spouse after separation or divorce.(maintenance, support, settlement)مهریهHe was required to pay alimony after the divorce.
irrefutable
impossible to deny or disprove.(indisputable, incontrovertible, undeniable)بی‌تردیدThe evidence against the defendant was irrefutable.
bedrock
the fundamental principles on which something is based.(foundation, basis, cornerstone)بستر سختTrust is the bedrock of their relationship.
leeway
the amount of freedom to move or act that is available.(latitude, flexibility, freedom)اختیارThe manager gives her team a lot of leeway in how they complete their work.
tyrannical
exercising power in a cruel or arbitrary way.(despotic, oppressive, dictatorial)استبدادیThe tyrannical leader was feared by all.
frisk
search (someone) for weapons or other items by feeling one’s body.(pat down, search, check)بازرسی بدنی کردنThe officer decided to frisk the suspect for any concealed items.
rebuttal
a refutation or contradiction.(refutation, denial, counterargument)ردHe wrote a strong rebuttal to the criticism in the newspaper.
abbreviate
shorten (a word, phrase, or text).(shorten, truncate, condense)خلاصه کردن”Doctor” is often abbreviated to “Dr.”
juvenile
of, for, or relating to young people.(youthful, young, adolescent)نوجوانJuvenile crime is a matter of serious concern.
embezzlement
theft or misappropriation of funds placed in one’s trust or belonging to one’s employer.(fraud, theft, misappropriation)اختلاسThe accountant was found guilty of embezzlement.
distortion
the action of distorting or the state of being distorted.(twisting, warping, misrepresentation)تحریفThe report was criticized for its distortion of the facts.
dramatize
adapt (a novel) or present (a particular incident) as a play or movie.(adapt, stage, present)دراماتیزه کردنThe novel was dramatized for television.
predominantly
mainly; for the most part.(mostly, mainly, chiefly)عمدتاًThe population in the region is predominantly ruralpredominantly
legislature
the legislative body of a country or state.(parliament, congress, assembly)مجلس قانونگذاریThe new law was passed by the legislature.
promulgated
promote or make widely known (an idea or cause).(publicize, broadcast, announce)اعلام کردنThe new policies were promulgated by the government.
coercive
relating to or using force or threats.(forceful, compelling, constraining)اجباریThe coercive measures were criticized for violating civil liberties.
parole
the release of a prisoner temporarily (for a special purpose) or permanently before the completion of a sentence, on the promise of good behavior.(temporary release, early release, probation)آزادی مشروطHe was released on parole after serving five years.
rubric
a heading on a document.(title, heading, category)عنوانEach chapter of the book has its own rubric.
static
lacking in movement, action, or change.(unchanging, still, stationary)ثابتThe situation remained static for years.
dissemination
the act of spreading something, especially information, widely; circulation.(distribution, spreading, broadcasting)پخش کردنThe dissemination of false information online is a growing problem.
litany
a series of petitions for use in church services or processions, usually recited by the clergy and responded to in a recurring formula by the people.(series, repetition, catalog)دعاThe priest recited a litany of prayers.
preventive
designed to keep something undesirable such as illness, harm, or accidents from occurring.(precautionary, prophylactic, preventative)پیشگیرانهPreventive measures were taken to avoid the spread of the disease.
inadmissible
not accepted as valid or proper.(unacceptable, impermissible, disallowed)غیر قابل قبولThe evidence was ruled inadmissible in court.
indict
formally accuse of or charge with a serious crime.(charge, accuse, prosecute)کیفرخواست صادر کردنThe CEO was indicted for embezzlement.
ploy
a cunning plan or action designed to turn a situation to one’s own advantage.(tactic, strategy, ruse)نقشهThe announcement was just a ploy to gain media attention.
backlog
an accumulation of uncompleted work or matters needing to be dealt with.(accumulation, pile-up, build-up)تعویق کارهاThe office is struggling with a backlog of applications.
scope
the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant.(range, extent, breadth)دامنهWe expanded the scope of our investigation.
adjudicate
make a formal judgment or decision about a problem or disputed matter.(judge, decide, rule)قضاوت کردنThe committee will adjudicate on all complaints.
fetid
smelling extremely unpleasant.(stinking, foul-smelling, malodorous)بدبوThe fetid smell in the room was overwhelming.
trajectory
the path followed by a projectile flying or an object moving under the action of given forces.(path, course, route)مسیر حرکتThe missile’s trajectory was carefully calculated.
repression
the action of subduing someone or something by force.(suppression, quelling, subjugation)سرکوبThe government was accused of repression against its critics.
pithy
concise and forcefully expressive.(succinct, terse, laconic)موجزHer pithy comments summed up the entire report.
discretionary
available for use at the discretion of the user.(optional, elective, personal)اختیاریThere are discretionary funds available for unexpected expenses.
revolting
causing intense disgust; disgusting.(repulsive, disgusting, repugnant)متنفر کنندهThe conditions in the prison were revolting.
clause
a particular and separate article, stipulation, or proviso in a treaty, bill, or contract.(provision, stipulation, condition)بندThe contract contains a clause regarding late payments.
manifesto
a public declaration of policy and aims, especially one issued before an election by a political party or candidate.(declaration, proclamation, announcement)منشورThe party’s manifesto outlined its vision for the future.
incapacitate
prevent from functioning in a normal way.(disable, paralyze, immobilize)ناتوان کردنThe accident left him incapacitated for several months.
distort
pull or twist out of shape.(warp, deform, misshape)تحریف کردنThe mirror seemed to distort her reflection.
pivotal
of crucial importance in relation to the development or success of something else.(central, crucial, key)کلیدیThe CEO played a pivotal role in the company’s success.
processed
having been subjected to a process of preparation, alteration, or conditioning.(treated, refined, modified)پردازش شدهThe data needs to be processed before analysis.
incidence
the occurrence, rate, or frequency of a disease, crime, or something else undesirable.(frequency, rate, prevalence)وقوعThe incidence of the disease has increased in recent years.
sanction
a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule; official permission or approval for an action.(penalty, punishment, approval)تحریمThe government imposed economic sanctions on the country.
intertwine
twist or twine together.(entwine, interlace, weave)تنیده شدنTheir fates were intertwined after the incident.
