Chapter01 - Chapter01 Flashcards
due process
a fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen’s entitlement.(justice, fairness, impartiality)فرایند قانونیEveryone has the right to due process in court.
defendant
an individual, company, or institution sued or accused in a court of law.(accused, respondent, litigant)مدافعThe defendant pleaded not guilty to the charges.
procedural
relating to an established or official way of doing something.(methodical, systematic, formal)رویه‌ایProcedural guidelines must be followed during the investigation.
double jeopardy
the prosecution of a person twice for the same offense, which is prohibited in legal systems.(retrial, repeat prosecution)خطر مضاعفThe principle of double jeopardy prevents the retrial of a person acquitted of a crime.
fragmentation
the process or state of breaking or being broken into small or separate parts.(division, disintegration, shattering)تجزیه و تحلیلThe fragmentation of the empire led to the rise of small kingdoms.
arraignment
the action of arraigning someone in court.(indictment, prosecution, charging)تفهیم اتهامDuring the arraignment, the charges against the defendant are read.
forensic
relating to or denoting the application of scientific methods and techniques to the investigation of crime.(scientific, crime-related, investigative)پزشکی قانونیForensic evidence played a key role in solving the case.
ex post facto
a law that makes illegal an act that was legal when committed, increases the penalties for an infraction after it has been committed, or changes the rules of evidence to make conviction easier.(retroactive, retrospective)قانون پس از واقعهAn ex post facto law cannot be applied to cases that occurred before its enactment.
interdependent
mutually reliant on each other.(mutual, reciprocal, interconnected)وابسته به یکدیگرThe different branches of government are interdependent.
acquittal
a judgment that a person is not guilty of the crime with which they have been charged.(exoneration, discharge, absolution)تبرئهThe jury returned a verdict of acquittal.
editorial
a newspaper article expressing the editor’s opinion on a topical issue.(opinion piece, commentary, leader)سرمقالهThe latest editorial discusses the impact of new laws on society.
statutory
required, permitted, or enacted by statute.(legal, legislative, regulatory)قانونیStatutory obligations must be fulfilled by all citizens.
alibi
a claim or piece of evidence that one was elsewhere when an act, typically a criminal one, is alleged to have taken place.(excuse, defense, plea)بهانهShe provided an alibi for the night of the crime.
plea
a formal statement by or on behalf of a defendant or prisoner, stating guilt or innocence in response to a charge, offering an excuse or mitigation.(appeal, petition, entreaty)التماس درخواست تقاضا
The defendant entered a plea of not guilty.
tort
a wrongful act or an infringement of a right (other than under contract) leading to civil legal liability.(injury, wrong, injustice)دعوای حقوقیThe lawsuit was based on a claim of tort.
incommunicado
not able, wanting, or allowed to communicate with others.(isolated, unreachable, inaccessible)بدون ارتباطThe prisoner was held incommunicado.
litigate
engage in a legal proceeding or seek relief in a court of law; sue.(sue, prosecute, contest)دعوا کردنThey chose to litigate rather than settle the dispute.
content
in a state of peaceful happiness.(satisfied, pleased, happy)محتوا, آرامشHe seemed more content, less bitter.
subsequent
coming after something in time; following.(later, ensuing, succeeding)بعدیThe book discusses the events of the subsequent years.
interdependence
the dependence of two or more people or things on each other.(mutuality, reliance, reciprocity)وابستگی متقابلThe study shows the interdependence of the two countries.
fictionalize
to create fiction from, make into fiction.(fabricate, invent, make up)داستانی کردنThe movie fictionalizes the life of the famous painter.
interrelated
having a mutual or reciprocal relation or parallel, correlative.(connected, linked, associated)مرتبطThe chapters are interrelated, forming a coherent whole.
substantive
having a firm basis in reality and so important, meaningful, or considerable.(significant, essential, real)ماهویThey had a substantive discussion on the issue.
arbitrariness
the quality of being based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.(whimsicality, capriciousness, randomness)خودسرانهThe decision was criticized for its arbitrariness.
scrounge
seek to obtain (something, typically food or money) at the expense or through the generosity of others or by stealth.(beg, borrow, forage)گدایی کردنHe managed to scrounge enough money to buy a bus ticket.
seizure
the action of capturing someone or something using force.(capture, apprehension, takeover)تشنجThe police made a seizure of illegal drugs.
atypical
not representative of a type, group, or class.(unusual, nonstandard, uncommon)غیر معمولThe symptoms were atypical for the common cold.
deem
regard or consider in a specified way.(consider, believe, think)تصور کردنThe event was deemed a great success.
foolproof
incapable of going wrong or being misused.(infallible, unfailing, fail-safe)بی‌خطاThey designed a foolproof system.
corpus
a collection of written texts, especially the entire works of a particular author or a body of writing on a particular subject.(compilation, collection, body)مجموعهThe corpus of Shakespeare’s plays is studied worldwide.
intent
intention or purpose.(aim, purpose, objective)نیتThe intent of the law is to protect consumers.
adversary
one’s opponent in a contest, conflict, or dispute.(opponent, rival, enemy)دشمنHe saw her as his main adversary in the competition.
appellate
having the power to hear appeals and to reverse lower court decisions.(judicial, legal, reconsidering)تجدید نظرThe appellate court overturned the previous ruling.
insightful
having or showing an accurate and deep understanding; perceptive.(perceptive, discerning, intuitive)بینشHer book provides insightful analysis of the problem.
verdict
a decision on a disputed issue in a civil or criminal case or an inquest.(judgment, decision, ruling)حکمThe jury returned a verdict of not guilty.
precedent
an earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances.(example, model, standard)سابقهThe case set a precedent for future defamation suits.
overzealous
too zealous in attitude or behavior.(excessive, fanatical, fervent)بیش از حد مشتاقHis overzealous enforcement of the rules irritated his colleagues.
statute
a written law passed by a legislative body.(law, regulation, enactment)قانونThe new statute limits the powers of the police.
respondent
a defendant in a lawsuit, especially one in an appeals or divorce case.(defendant, answerer, replier)پاسخ دهندهThe respondent refused to settle the case out of court.
delinquency
minor crime, especially that committed by young people.(misconduct, misbehavior, wrongdoing)بزهکاریPrograms for preventing juvenile delinquency have been implemented.
omnipresence
the state of being widespread or constantly encountered.(ubiquity, pervasiveness, universality)همه‌گیریThe omnipresence of social media is noticeable in modern life.
adversarial
involving or characterized by conflict or opposition.(antagonistic, confrontational, combative)خصمانهThe adversarial nature of the legal system can be challenging.
judiciary
the judicial authorities of a country; judges collectively.(judicial system, judiciary branch, magistracy)قوه قضائیهThe independence of the judiciary is crucial for a fair legal system.
crusader
a person who campaigns vigorously for political, social, or religious change; a campaigner.(activist, campaigner, reformer)جنگجوی صلیبیShe’s known as a crusader for environmental justice.
finality
the fact or impression of being an irreversible ending.(conclusiveness, decisiveness, definitiveness)نهایتHis statement had an air of finality to it.
preliminary
preceding or done in preparation for something fuller or more important.(initial, preparatory, introductory)مقدماتیThe preliminary results indicate a victory for the party.
mediated
intervene in a dispute in order to bring about an agreement or reconciliation.(intercede, arbitrate, negotiate)میانجیگری کردنA neutral party mediated the talks between the two countries.
complementary
combining in such a way as to enhance or emphasize the qualities of each other or another.(supplementary, compatible, harmonious)مکملThe two departments have complementary roles in the organization.
detention
the action of detaining someone or the state of being detained in official custody.(custody, confinement, imprisonment)بازداشتThe suspect was held in detention awaiting trial.
larceny
theft of personal property.(theft, stealing, pilfering)دزدیHe was charged with grand larceny.
arson
the criminal act of deliberately setting fire to property.(fire-raising, pyromania, incendiarism)آتش‌سوزی عمدیPolice are investigating a case of arson in the downtown area.
perfunctorily
carried out with a minimum of effort or reflection.(hastily, cursorily, superficially)بی‌میلیHe gave a perfunctorily nod and continued working.
rehabilitation
the action of restoring someone to health or normal life through training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.(recovery, reintegration, restoration)توانبخشیRehabilitation programs are essential for reintegrating ex-prisoners into society.
heritage
property that is or may be inherited; an inheritance.(inheritance, legacy, birthright)میراثThe cultural heritage of the city is very rich.
safeguard
a measure taken to protect someone or something or to prevent something undesirable.(protection, shield, defense)حفاظتLaws were put in place to safeguard the rights of workers.
unwarranted
not justified or authorized.(unjustified, undue, unnecessary)بی‌دلیلThe criticism of his work was unwarranted.
adjudication
the action or process of adjudicating.(judgment, decision, arbitration)رسیدگی قضاییThe adjudication of the case took several months.
habeas corpus
a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person’s release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.(legal action, court order, writ)حکم حبسThe right of habeas corpus ensures that no one can be held without being charged with a specific crime.
enact
make (a bill or other proposal) law.(legislate, pass, ratify)به قانون تبدیل کردنCongress enacted the new tax reform bill.
efficiently
working in a well-organized and competent way.(effectively, proficiently, capably)به طور مؤثرThe team completed the project efficiently and ahead of schedule.
manslaughter
the crime of killing a human being without malice aforethought, or otherwise in circumstances not amounting to murder.(homicide, killing, slaying)قتل غیرعمدHe was convicted of manslaughter instead of murder.
sadistic
deriving pleasure from inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation on others.(cruel, brutal, vicious)سادیسم
The villain in the story is portrayed as a sadistic character.
fatality
an occurrence of death by accident, in war, or from disease.(death, casualty, mortality)فوتThe car accident resulted in one fatality.
permissive
allowing or characterized by great or excessive freedom of behavior.(lenient, liberal, tolerant)اجازه دادنThe permissive parenting style is not always effective.
incorporation
the inclusion of something as part of a whole.(integration, amalgamation, unification)ادغامThe incorporation of new technology into the business was a game-changer.
alimony
a husband’s or wife’s court-ordered provision for a spouse after separation or divorce.(maintenance, support, settlement)مهریهHe was required to pay alimony after the divorce.
irrefutable
impossible to deny or disprove.(indisputable, incontrovertible, undeniable)بی‌تردیدThe evidence against the defendant was irrefutable.
bedrock
the fundamental principles on which something is based.(foundation, basis, cornerstone)بستر سختTrust is the bedrock of their relationship.
leeway
the amount of freedom to move or act that is available.(latitude, flexibility, freedom)اختیارThe manager gives her team a lot of leeway in how they complete their work.
tyrannical
exercising power in a cruel or arbitrary way.(despotic, oppressive, dictatorial)استبدادیThe tyrannical leader was feared by all.
frisk
search (someone) for weapons or other items by feeling one’s body.(pat down, search, check)بازرسی بدنی کردنThe officer decided to frisk the suspect for any concealed items.
rebuttal
a refutation or contradiction.(refutation, denial, counterargument)ردHe wrote a strong rebuttal to the criticism in the newspaper.
abbreviate
shorten (a word, phrase, or text).(shorten, truncate, condense)خلاصه کردن”Doctor” is often abbreviated to “Dr.”
juvenile
of, for, or relating to young people.(youthful, young, adolescent)نوجوانJuvenile crime is a matter of serious concern.
embezzlement
theft or misappropriation of funds placed in one’s trust or belonging to one’s employer.(fraud, theft, misappropriation)اختلاسThe accountant was found guilty of embezzlement.
distortion
the action of distorting or the state of being distorted.(twisting, warping, misrepresentation)تحریفThe report was criticized for its distortion of the facts.
dramatize
adapt (a novel) or present (a particular incident) as a play or movie.(adapt, stage, present)دراماتیزه کردنThe novel was dramatized for television.
predominantly
mainly; for the most part.(mostly, mainly, chiefly)عمدتاًThe population in the region is predominantly ruralpredominantly
legislature
the legislative body of a country or state.(parliament, congress, assembly)مجلس قانونگذاریThe new law was passed by the legislature.
promulgated
promote or make widely known (an idea or cause).(publicize, broadcast, announce)اعلام کردنThe new policies were promulgated by the government.
coercive
relating to or using force or threats.(forceful, compelling, constraining)اجباریThe coercive measures were criticized for violating civil liberties.
parole
the release of a prisoner temporarily (for a special purpose) or permanently before the completion of a sentence, on the promise of good behavior.(temporary release, early release, probation)آزادی مشروطHe was released on parole after serving five years.
rubric
a heading on a document.(title, heading, category)عنوانEach chapter of the book has its own rubric.
static
lacking in movement, action, or change.(unchanging, still, stationary)ثابتThe situation remained static for years.
dissemination
the act of spreading something, especially information, widely; circulation.(distribution, spreading, broadcasting)پخش کردنThe dissemination of false information online is a growing problem.
litany
a series of petitions for use in church services or processions, usually recited by the clergy and responded to in a recurring formula by the people.(series, repetition, catalog)دعاThe priest recited a litany of prayers.
preventive
designed to keep something undesirable such as illness, harm, or accidents from occurring.(precautionary, prophylactic, preventative)پیشگیرانهPreventive measures were taken to avoid the spread of the disease.
inadmissible
not accepted as valid or proper.(unacceptable, impermissible, disallowed)غیر قابل قبولThe evidence was ruled inadmissible in court.
indict
formally accuse of or charge with a serious crime.(charge, accuse, prosecute)کیفرخواست صادر کردنThe CEO was indicted for embezzlement.
ploy
a cunning plan or action designed to turn a situation to one’s own advantage.(tactic, strategy, ruse)نقشهThe announcement was just a ploy to gain media attention.
backlog
an accumulation of uncompleted work or matters needing to be dealt with.(accumulation, pile-up, build-up)تعویق کارهاThe office is struggling with a backlog of applications.
scope
the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant.(range, extent, breadth)دامنهWe expanded the scope of our investigation.
adjudicate
make a formal judgment or decision about a problem or disputed matter.(judge, decide, rule)قضاوت کردنThe committee will adjudicate on all complaints.
fetid
smelling extremely unpleasant.(stinking, foul-smelling, malodorous)بدبوThe fetid smell in the room was overwhelming.
trajectory
the path followed by a projectile flying or an object moving under the action of given forces.(path, course, route)مسیر حرکتThe missile’s trajectory was carefully calculated.
repression
the action of subduing someone or something by force.(suppression, quelling, subjugation)سرکوبThe government was accused of repression against its critics.
pithy
concise and forcefully expressive.(succinct, terse, laconic)موجزHer pithy comments summed up the entire report.
discretionary
available for use at the discretion of the user.(optional, elective, personal)اختیاریThere are discretionary funds available for unexpected expenses.
revolting
causing intense disgust; disgusting.(repulsive, disgusting, repugnant)متنفر کنندهThe conditions in the prison were revolting.
clause
a particular and separate article, stipulation, or proviso in a treaty, bill, or contract.(provision, stipulation, condition)بندThe contract contains a clause regarding late payments.
manifesto
a public declaration of policy and aims, especially one issued before an election by a political party or candidate.(declaration, proclamation, announcement)منشورThe party’s manifesto outlined its vision for the future.
incapacitate
prevent from functioning in a normal way.(disable, paralyze, immobilize)ناتوان کردنThe accident left him incapacitated for several months.
distort
pull or twist out of shape.(warp, deform, misshape)تحریف کردنThe mirror seemed to distort her reflection.
pivotal
of crucial importance in relation to the development or success of something else.(central, crucial, key)کلیدیThe CEO played a pivotal role in the company’s success.
processed
having been subjected to a process of preparation, alteration, or conditioning.(treated, refined, modified)پردازش شدهThe data needs to be processed before analysis.
incidence
the occurrence, rate, or frequency of a disease, crime, or something else undesirable.(frequency, rate, prevalence)وقوعThe incidence of the disease has increased in recent years.
sanction
a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule; official permission or approval for an action.(penalty, punishment, approval)تحریمThe government imposed economic sanctions on the country.
intertwine
twist or twine together.(entwine, interlace, weave)تنیده شدنTheir fates were intertwined after the incident.
exonerate
absolve (someone) from blame for a fault or wrongdoing.(absolve, clear, acquit)تبرئه کردنThe new evidence served to exonerate the suspect.
forefront
the leading or most important position or place.(vanguard, forefront, cutting edge)جلوترین قسمتThe company has been at the forefront of technological innovation.
overturn
tip (something) over so that it is on its side or upside down.(capsize, topple, flip)واژگون کردنThe court’s decision was eventually overturned on appeal.
expeditious
done with speed and efficiency.(swift, rapid, quick)سریع و مؤثرAn expeditious response to the crisis was required.
proponent
a person who advocates a theory, proposal, or project.(advocate, supporter, champion)طرفدارShe is a leading proponent of climate change legislation.
arbitrarily
based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.(randomly, capriciously, at will)به صورت خودسرانهDecisions cannot be made arbitrarily in a fair justice system.
oversight
an unintentional failure to notice or do something.(negligence, omission, error)نظارتThe accident was due to an oversight by the safety team.
ramification
a consequence of an action or event, especially when complex or unwelcome.(consequence, result, aftermath)پیامدThe policy change had several unexpected ramifications.
vitiate
spoil or impair the quality or efficiency of.(invalidate, spoil, impair)خدشه دار کردنThe contract was vitiated by the false statements of one party.
paraphernalia
miscellaneous articles, especially the equipment needed for a particular activity.(equipment, stuff, gear)تجهیزات جانبیThe artist’s studio was filled with an assortment of paraphernalia.
backdrop
the setting or background for a scene, event, or situation.(background, setting, context)پس‌زمینهThe mountains provided a stunning backdrop for the wedding.
bureaucracy
a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.(administration, officialdom, the establishment)دستگاه بوروکراسیThe new laws were aimed at reducing bureaucracy.
infancy
the early stage in the development or growth of something.(beginning, outset, inception)دوران کودکیThe project is still in its infancy and has a long way to go.
legitimacy
the lawfulness or authenticity of something.(validity, legality, authenticity)مشروعیتThe legitimacy of the election results was questioned.
bailiff
an officer of the court having custody of prisoners under arraignment.(officer, court official, sheriff’s officer)مامور اجرای حکم دادگاهThe bailiff escorted the defendant out of the courtroom.
brutality
savage physical violence; great cruelty.(savagery, cruelty, viciousness)خشونتThe brutality of the regime was condemned internationally.
liability
the state of being responsible for something, especially by law.(responsibility, accountability, obligation)مسئولیت قانونیThe company faces liability for the environmental damage.
decry
publicly denounce.(condemn, criticize, censure)محکوم کردنActivists decried the new policy as unjust.
eavesdrop
secretly listen to a conversation.(overhear, spy, listen in)شنود کردنHe was caught eavesdropping on the private meeting.
preponderance
the quality or fact of being greater in number, quantity, or importance.(predominance, prevalence, majority)برتریThe preponderance of evidence supported the plaintiff’s case.
municipal
relating to a city or town or its governing body.(local, city, town)شهرداریThe municipal council approved the new park project.
divergence
the process or state of diverging.(separation, deviation, difference)انحرافThere is a wide divergence of opinions on this issue.
mundane
lacking interest or excitement; dull.(ordinary, everyday, commonplace)دنیویHis mundane daily routine needed a change.
substantiate
provide evidence to support or prove the truth of.(verify, confirm, validate)اثبات کردنThe claims were difficult to substantiate without further evidence.
insurmountable
too great to be overcome.(unconquerable, invincible, insuperable)غیرقابل غلبهThe challenges they faced seemed insurmountable.
condone
accept and allow (behavior that is considered morally wrong or offensive) to continue.(overlook, accept, forgive)چشم‌پوشی کردنThe school does not condone bullying of any kind.
deprivation
the damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society.(lack, absence, shortage)محرومیتMany families experienced severe deprivation during the economic crisis.
nonetheless
in spite of that; nevertheless.(nevertheless, however, but)با این حالThe hike was difficult; nonetheless, they reached the summit.
debate
a formal discussion on a particular topic in a public meeting or legislative assembly, in which opposing arguments are put forward.(discussion, argument, discourse)مناظرهThe candidates participated in a televised debate.
detour
a long or roundabout route taken to avoid something or to visit somewhere along the way.(diversion, deviation, bypass)مسیر فرعیThey had to take a detour because the main road was closed.
predatory
seeking to exploit or oppress others.(exploitative, oppressive, aggressive)درنده‌خوThe company was criticized for its predatory business practices.
caricature
a picture, description, or imitation of a person in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect.(cartoon, parody, satire)کاریکاتورThe political caricature humorously exaggerated the politician’s features.
omission
someone or something that has been left out or excluded.(exclusion, neglect, oversight)حذفThe omission of her name from the list was an oversight.
disparity
a great difference.(inequality, imbalance, discrepancy)نابرابریThe disparity in wealth between the two groups was stark.
pundit
an expert in a particular subject or field who is frequently called on to give opinions about it to the public.(expert, authority, commentator)کارشناسThe pundit offered his analysis of the election results.
conduct
the manner in which a person behaves, especially in a particular place or situation.(behavior, demeanor, comportment)رفتارHis conduct during the meeting was professional and courteous.
parochial
having a limited or narrow outlook or scope.(narrow-minded, provincial, insular)محلیThe approach was criticized for being too parochial.
unified
make or become united, uniform, or whole.(united, integrated, consolidated)یکپارچهThe two companies were unified into a single entity.
premise
a previous statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion.(assumption, basis, foundationپیش‌فرض و مکان مشخص طبق قانون The argument was based on a flawed premise.
diffusion
the spreading of something more widely.(dispersion, distribution, scattering)پخش شدنThe diffusion of the technology has been rapid and widespread.
invocation
the action of invoking something or someone for assistance or as an authority.(calling upon, appeal to, prayer)دعوتThe ceremony began with an invocation of the ancestors.
tabloid
a newspaper having pages half the size of those of the average broadsheet, typically popular in style and dominated by sensational stories.(newspaper, journal, gazette)روزنامه تبلوئیدیThe scandal was widely reported in the tabloids.
fodder
food, especially dried hay or feed, for cattle and other livestock.(feed, food, provender)علوفهThe fields were used for growing fodder for the cows.
dictum
a formal pronouncement from an authoritative source.(declaration, statement, proclamation)حکمThe judge’s dictum set a new precedent in the legal system.
relay
receive and pass on (information or a message).(transmit, convey, pass on)انتقال دادنThe news was relayed to the troops at the front.
ghetto
a part of a city, especially a slum area, occupied by a minority group or groups.(slum, quarter, sector)گتوThe book describes life in a wartime ghetto.
coercion
the practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats.(force, compulsion, pressure)اجبارThe confession was obtained through coercion.
feud
a prolonged and bitter quarrel or dispute.(quarrel, argument, conflict)دشمنیThe feud between the two families lasted for decades.
counsel
advice, especially that given formally.(advice, guidance, direction)مشاورهHe sought legal counsel for his tax issues.
obligation
an act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound; a duty or commitment.(duty, responsibility, commitment)تعهدThe company has an obligation to its shareholders.
alleged
said, without proof, to have taken place or to have a specified illegal or undesirable quality.(claimed, asserted, supposed)ادعا شدهThe alleged fraud is being investigated by the police.
sophisticated
having, revealing, or involving a great deal of worldly experience and knowledge of fashion and culture.(worldly, experienced, cultured)پیچیدهThe software is quite sophisticated and has many features.
depraved
morally corrupt; wicked.(corrupt, perverted, degenerate)فاسدThe novel depicts a depraved society.
cynicism
an inclination to believe that people are motivated purely by self-interest; skepticism.(skepticism, doubt, distrust)بدبینیHis cynicism about politics made him unpopular at the party.
assortment
a miscellaneous collection of things or people.(variety, mixture, selection)تنوعThe store offers a wide assortment of goods.
mitigated
make less severe, serious, or painful.(alleviate, reduce, diminish)تخفیف دادنThe judge mitigated the sentence due to special circumstances.
legitimate
conforming to the law or to rules.(lawful, legal, valid)مشروعTheir business operations are completely legitimate.
negligent
failing to take proper care in doing something.(careless, inattentive, neglectful)مقصرThe company was found negligent in its safety procedures.
restitution
the restoration of something lost or stolen to its proper owner.(compensation, reparation, repayment)جبران خسارتRestitution was ordered to be paid to the victims.
confinement
the action of confining or state of being confined.(imprisonment, incarceration, captivity)حبسHe spent several months in solitary confinement.
loophole
an ambiguity or inadequacy in the law or a set of rules.(ambiguity, gap, omission)روزنه قانونیLawyers found a loophole that allowed their client to avoid paying taxes.
gradation
a scale or a series of successive changes, stages, or degrees.(progression, range, spectrum)درجه‌بندیThe gradation of colors in the painting was impressive.
grant
agree to give or allow (something requested) to.(award, give, allocate)اعطا کردنThe organization decided to grant funding to the research project.
negate
nullify; make ineffective.(invalidate, nullify, cancel)نفی کردنHis later confessions seemed to negate his earlier statements.
pendulum
a weight hung from a fixed point so that it can swing freely backward and forward.(oscillator, swinger, bob)آونگThe pendulum of the clock swung back and forth.
salient
most noticeable or important.(prominent, main, principal)برجستهThe salient points of the agreement were highlighted in the document.
provisions
the action of providing or supplying something for use.(supplying, providing, furnishing)تأمینEmergency provisions were sent to the affected area.
mandate
an official order or commission to do something.(authority, directive, instruction)حکمThe agency has a mandate to ensure consumer safety.
prohibition
the action of forbidding something, especially by law.(ban, veto, embargo)ممنوعیتThe prohibition on smoking in public places was enforced strictly.
circuit
a roughly circular line, route, or movement that starts and finishes at the same place.(loop, round, tour)مدارThe racing cars completed the circuit in record time.
muddle
bring into a disordered or confusing state.(confuse, mix up, jumble)گیج کردنThe new policy only served to muddle the existing process.
inadequate
lacking the quality or quantity required; insufficient for a purpose.(insufficient, deficient, poor)ناکافیThe facilities provided were inadequate for the number of people.
writ
a form of written command in the name of a court or other legal authority to act, or abstain from acting, in some way.(order, decree, command)حکم قضاییA writ was issued to enforce the judgment.
lenient
(of punishment or a person in authority) permissive, merciful, or tolerant.(indulgent, tolerant, forgiving)ملایمThe judge was surprisingly lenient in his sentencing.
metropolitan
relating to a metropolis, often inclusive of its surrounding areas.(urban, city, municipal)کلان‌شهریThe metropolitan area has a population of over five million.
en route
on or along the way.(on the way, in transit, on the road)در مسیرThey called to say they were en route to the venue.
rural
relating to, or characteristic of the countryside rather than the town.(country, pastoral, rustic)روستاییThe rural landscape was dotted with farms and small villages.
array
an impressive display or range of a particular type of thing.(range, assortment, collection)آرایهAn array of options was available for the new project.
impoverished
(of a person or area) made poor.(poor, needy, destitute)فقیرThe charity focuses on helping impoverished communities.
garner
gather or collect (something, especially information or approval).(collect, gather, accumulate)جمع‌آوری کردنThe researcher was able to garner important data from the experiment.
fictitious
not real or true, being imaginary or having been fabricated.(imaginary, made-up, false)خیالیThe characters in the novel are entirely fictitious.
bureau
an office or department for transacting particular business.(office, department, agency)دفترThe bureau is responsible for issuing licenses and permits.
boulder
a large rock, typically one that has been worn smooth by erosion.(rock, stone, pebble)صخرهThe path was blocked by a massive boulder.
curtail
reduce in extent or quantity; impose a restriction on.(reduce, cut back, diminish)کاهش دادنBudget cuts have forced us to curtail our research.
ratification
the action of signing or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement, making it officially valid.(approval, confirmation, validation)تصویبThe treaty’s ratification was celebrated as a major success.
hurdle
one of a series of upright frames over which athletes in a race must jump.(obstacle, barrier, jump)مانعThe final hurdle of the race proved to be the most challenging.
elusive
difficult to find, catch, or achieve.(evasive, slippery, tricky)دشوار گیرThe solution to the problem remained elusive.
supplant
supersede and replace.(replace, displace, oust)جایگزین کردنStreaming services have begun to supplant traditional television.
doctrine
a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group.(creed, philosophy, dogma)عقیدهHis book challenges the traditional doctrine in economics.
rhetoric
the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.(oratory, eloquence, articulation)بلاغتHis speech was noted for its powerful rhetoric.
autonomy
the right or condition of self-government.(independence, self-rule, sovereignty)خودمختاریThe region was granted autonomy after years of political struggle.
pounce
spring or swoop suddenly so as to catch prey.(leap, jump, spring)حمله کردنThe cat pounced on the mouse.
ignite
catch fire or cause to catch fire.(burn, kindle, inflame)اشتعال زدنThe spark was enough to ignite the fuel.
repress
subdue (someone or something) by force.(suppress, quell, subdue)سرکوب کردنThe uprising was repressed by the government troops.
vestige
a trace of something that is disappearing or no longer exists.(remnant, trace, relic)اثرThe old building is a vestige of the town’s colonial past.
capricious
given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior.(fickle, inconstant, changeable)دمدمی مزاجThe weather here is quite capricious.
infringe
actively break the terms of (a law, agreement, etc.).(violate, transgress, breach)نقض کردنThey were accused of infringing copyright laws.
coerce
persuade (an unwilling person) to do something by using force or threats.(force, pressure, compel)اجبار کردنHe was coerced into signing the agreement.
crook
a person who is dishonest or a criminal.(criminal, lawbreaker, felon)کلاهبردارThe police finally caught the notorious crook.
hotly
in an intense, fiery, or heated way.(fervently, passionately, vehemently)به شدتThe proposal was hotly debated in the meeting.
obliging
willing to do a service or kindness; helpful.(helpful, accommodating, cooperative)محبت آمیزThe hotel staff were obliging and attentive to our needs.
discretion
the quality of behaving or speaking in such a way as to avoid causing offense or revealing confidential information.(prudence, tact, diplomacy)اختیارShe used her discretion to keep the sensitive information confidential.
decency
behavior that conforms to accepted standards of morality or respectability.(propriety, respectability, modesty)شایستگیIt’s just common decency to not talk loudly in a movie theater.
dilemma
a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives, especially equally undesirable ones.(quandary, predicament, difficulty)دوگانگیHe faced the dilemma of whether to return to his secure job or to venture into a new business.
tangible
perceptible by touch.(touchable, palpable, material)ملموسThe project produced tangible benefits for the community.
farce
a comic dramatic work using buffoonery and horseplay and typically including crude characterization and ludicrously improbable situations.(comedy, slapstick, burlesque)مسخرهThe trial turned into a farce when the key witness failed to appear.
coherent
(of an argument, theory, or policy) logical and consistent.(logical, reasoned, rational)مترابطShe presented a coherent plan for the company’s development.
reliance
dependence on or trust in someone or something.(dependence, trust, confidence)وابستگیThere’s too much reliance on technology in modern education.
frenzy
a state or period of uncontrolled excitement or wild behavior.(hysteria, madness, mania)جنونThe crowd was in a frenzy after the championship win.
buckle
a flat, typically rectangular frame with a hinged pin, used for joining the ends of a belt or strap.(clasp, fastener, catch)بستHe quickly buckled his belt as he prepared to leave.
contrary
opposite in nature, direction, or meaning.(opposite, opposed, conflicting)خلافThe results were contrary to our expectations.
magistrate
a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones.(judge, justice, jurist)دادیارThe case was first heard by a local magistrate.
reluctantly
in an unwilling and hesitant way.(unwillingly, hesitantly, grudgingly)به ناچارHe reluctantly agreed to the terms of the agreement.
foster
encourage the development of (something, especially something desirable).(encourage, promote, further)ترویج دادنThe program was designed to foster better relations between the two countries.
adherent
someone who supports a particular party, person, or set of ideas.(follower, supporter, devotee)پیروHe’s a staunch adherent of classical liberalism.
harass
subject to aggressive pressure or intimidation.(pester, badger, hound)آزار دادنThe celebrity was constantly harassed by paparazzi.
collide
come into conflict or opposition.(crash, clash, conflict)برخورد کردنThe two vehicles collided at the intersection.
deprive
deny (a person or place) the possession or use of something.(dispossess, strip, divest)محروم کردنThe court ruling deprived him of his property.
arbitrary
based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.(random, capricious, whimsical)خودسرانهThe decision was criticized as being arbitrary and unfair.
entrust
assign the responsibility for doing something to (someone).(confide, delegate, commit)محول کردنI was entrusted with the task of organizing the event.
depict
show or represent by a drawing, painting, or other art form.(portray, represent, illustrate)تصویر کردنThe painting depicts a scene from Greek mythology.
suburb
an outlying district of a city, especially a residential one.(residential area, outskirts, fringe)حومه شهرThey live in a quiet suburb on the edge of the city.
testimony
a formal written or spoken statement, especially one given in a court of law.(evidence, statement, declaration)شهادتThe witness’s testimony was crucial to the trial.
comprise
consist of; be made up of.(include, contain, consist of)شامل شدنThe committee comprises members from different backgrounds.
equate
consider (one thing) to be the same as or equivalent to another.(compare, liken, parallel)برابر دانستنSome people equate wealth with success.
strive
make great efforts to achieve or obtain something.(endeavor, try hard, attempt)تلاش کردنAthletes strive for excellence in their sports.
inevitable
certain to happen; unavoidable.(unavoidable, inescapable, certain)اجتناب ناپذیرIt was inevitable that technology would change the way we live.
equity
the quality of being fair and impartial.(fairness, justice, impartiality)عدالتThe legal system is based on the principles of equity.
bust
a sculpture of a person’s head, shoulders, and chest.(statue, sculpture, effigy)سینه تندیسA marble bust of the philosopher stood in the library.
prolonged
continuing for a long time or longer than usual; lengthy.(extended, lengthy, protracted)طولانیThe drought led to a prolonged shortage of water.
bewildered
cause (someone) to become perplexed and confused.(confuse, puzzle, baffle)سردرگمShe was bewildered by his sudden change of mood.
scrutiny
critical observation or examination.(examination, inspection, analysis)بررسی دقیقThe proposal is under scrutiny from the board.
parlor
a sitting room in a private house.(sitting room, living room, lounge)اتاق پذیراییGuests were seated in the elegant parlor.
presume
suppose that something is the case on the basis of probability.(assume, suppose, take for granted)فرض کردنI presume you’ll be staying for dinner.
preside
be in the position of authority in a meeting or other gathering.(chair, lead, moderate)ریاست کردنThe judge will preside over the high-profile case.
delude
impose a misleading belief upon (someone); deceive; fool.(deceive, mislead, fool)فریب دادنThe magician deluded the audience with his tricks.
differ
be not the same as another or each other; unlike.(vary, contrast, diverge)متفاوت بودنTheir opinions on the matter differ significantly.
corridor
a long passage in a building from which doors lead into rooms.(passageway, hallway, aisle)راهروHe walked down the corridor to his office.
deprived
suffering a severe and damaging lack of basic material and cultural benefits.(disadvantaged, underprivileged, impoverished)محرومThe charity works to help children in deprived areas.
dazzle
(of a bright light) blind (a person) temporarily.(blind, stun, amaze)خیره کنندهThe sun’s glare dazzled him as he drove.
dispose
get rid of by throwing away or giving or selling to someone else.(discard, throw away, get rid of)دفع کردنThe company must properly dispose of its waste materials.
banish
send (someone) away from a country or place as an official punishment.(exile, expel, deport)تبعید کردنThe dissident was banished from his homeland.
pertain
be appropriate, related, or applicable to.(relate to, concern, apply to)مربوط بودنThe laws pertain to the protection of the environment.
realm
a kingdom.(kingdom, domain, territory)قلمروThe king ruled over a vast realm.
inflict
cause (something unpleasant or painful) to be suffered by someone or something.(impose, administer, deal out)وارد کردنThe storm inflicted severe damage to the coastal areas.
timid
showing a lack of courage or confidence; easily frightened.(shy, fearful, apprehensive)ترسوThe timid child hid behind her mother.
liable
responsible by law; legally answerable.(responsible, accountable, answerable)مسئولThe company is liable for any damage caused by its products.
conquest
the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by use of military force.(subjugation, defeat, overthrow)فتحThe conquest of the region was completed after several battles.
perpetual
never ending or changing.(everlasting, eternal, unending)دائمیThe motion of the planets is in perpetual motion.
delegate
a person sent or authorized to represent others, in particular an elected representative sent to a conference.(representative, envoy, agent)نمایندهEach country sent a delegate to the international conference.
doubtful
feeling uncertain about something.(uncertain, unsure, indecisive)مشکوکHe was doubtful about the success of the new plan.
dispense
distribute or provide (a service or information) to a number of people.(distribute, administer, provide)توزیع کردنThe organization dispenses aid to those in need.
tremendous
very great in amount, scale, or intensity.(enormous, huge, colossal)بسیار زیادThe project received tremendous support from the community.
adequate
satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity.(sufficient, enough, ample)کافیThe room was small but adequate for their needs.
bullet
a small metal projectile, part of a cartridge, for firing from small arms.(projectile, shot, ammo)گلولهThe police found a bullet at the crime scene.
allege
claim or assert that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically without proof.(claim, assert, declare)ادعا کردنThe defendant is alleged to have stolen over a million dollars.
prejudice
preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.(bias, partiality, discrimination)تعصبThe decision was made without prejudice or favoritism.
disposition
a person’s inherent qualities of mind and character.(temperament, nature, character)مزاجHe had a cheerful disposition despite the challenges.
earl
a British nobleman ranking above a viscount and below a marquess.(noble, lord, peer)ارلThe earl owned extensive lands in the countryside.
merit
the quality of being particularly good or worthy, especially so as to deserve praise or reward.(excellence, worth, value)ارزشPromotions are based on merit rather than seniority.
reign
hold royal office; rule as a king or queen.(rule, govern, preside)سلطنت کردنHer reign as queen was marked by significant reforms.
persuade
cause (someone) to do something through reasoning or argument.(convince, induce, influence)متقاعد کردنIt took hours to persuade him to agree to the deal.
declare
say something in a solemn and emphatic manner.(proclaim, announce, state)اعلام کردنThe government declared a state of emergency after the natural disaster.
mere
used to emphasize how small or insignificant someone or something is.(only, just, simply)صرفاًIt took him a mere five minutes to solve the problem.
