Chapter VIII - Key Words And Abbreviations Flashcards
Incipiant lūdī!
Let the games begin!
Fēlīciter et tibi!
I hope that things are going as well/happily/luckily for you as they have been going for me!
Noun
A person, place, thing
E.g. men, Rome, bagpipe
Exemplī grātiā
E.g.
For the sake of example
Pronoun
Stands in for a noun
E.g. those, she, who
Verb
Shows an action or existence
E.g. drink, was, happen
Adjective
Describes a noun
E.g. green, tall, seventeenth
Adverb
Modifies VERBS, adjectives and other adverbs
E.g. yesterday, quickly, often, highly, considerably, very, quite
Conjunction
Connects words, phrases or clauses
E.g. yes OR no, over the river AND through the woods, I’ll be here WHEN they come
Preposition
Shows a relationship between words
E.g. the fool ON the hill
Interjection
Exclamation words
E.g. uh-oh, yeah!
Versus
Turned against or opposing
Nominative
Subject of action
E.g. HE walked the dog
Genitive
Links nouns without equating them - usually shows possession
How you tell which declension a noun belongs to
E.g. HIS idea was ridiculous
Dative
Personal interest - shows who the action gives advantage or disadvantage to
Can also be used to show possession when you want to stress the owned object (Liber mihi est - the book is mine (for me))
E.g. It was an interesting day FOR HIM
Accusative
Where action stops - the direct object
E.g. I smacked HIM
Ablative
Where action starts
E.g. The bookcase was built BY HIM
Instrumental
Goes alongside action
E.g. We went to Rome WITH HIM
Locative
Where action takes place
E.g. A bug was crawling ON HIM
Vocative
Person adressed
E.g. DUDE!
Et alia
Et al.
And (an unknown number) of other things (open set)
Person
Speaker’s point of view
Number
Whether it is singular or plural
Tense (Aspect)
Not just when it is happening, but also whether it is in the process of happening or is a single completed act
Present Tense
I am going
Now
Continuous Aspect (Present System)
Imperfect tense
I was going / I used to go / I kept going / I began going / I started going / I went
Earlier
Continuous Aspect (Present System)
Future tense
I will go
Later
Continuous Aspect (Present System)
Perfect tense
I went / I did go / I have gone
Now
Completed Aspect (Perfect System)
Pluperfect Tense
I had gone
Earlier
Completed Aspect (Perfect System)
Future Perfect tense
I will have gone
Later
Completed Aspect (Perfect System)
Mood
Refers to the way a speaker treats an action
Indicative mood
The speaker treats the action as a fact
E.g. He is here
Imperative mood
The speaker treats an action as a command
E.g. Be here!
Subjunctive mood
Treats the action as an idea or a wish
E.g. If he were here…
Infinitive mood
Refers to an action in general without assigning any person to it
E.g. To be
Voice
To do with the grammatical subject’s relationship to the verb
Active voice
When the subject is performing the action
E.g. He loves me
Passive voice
The subject receives the action
E.g. I am loved
Middle voice
The subject performs the action on himself or for his own benefit
E.g. I love myself
Syntax
The way words show their relationship to each other
Id est
I.e.
That is
First person
The speaker - I if alone, we in a group
Second person
Whomever is being spoken to - you
Third person
Anyone else - he, she, it, they
Declensions
The way that nouns are grouped
Case endings
The way noun endings change to show their relationship to other words in the sentence
Conjugations
The way in which verbs are grouped
Et cētera
Etc.
And the other things (closed set)
Continuous aspect
Present system
Shows action in the midst of happening
Completed aspect
Perfect system
Refers to an actions that has been or we’ll be completed in past, present or future time
Principle parts
Four examples of a verb that show how it conjugates
E.g. moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum - to warn
First principle part
First person, singular, present tense
E.g. monēo - I am warning
Second principle part
Present infinitive
E.g. monēre - to warn
Infinitive
Part of verb most used to conjugate
Third principle part
First person, singular, perfect tense
E.g. monuī - I warned
Fourth participle part
Either ends in -um or -us, shows stem
E.g. monitum, monitus - monit-
Analysis
A change in word order to show grammatical function
Syllabic Augment
One way present stem is formed is by adding a syllable to the end of the present stem, usually -āv-, -īv- or -u-.
Amō, Amāre, AMĀVĪ, Amātum - To Love
Cupiō, Cupere, CUPĪVĪ, Cupītum - To Desire
Moneō, Monēre, MONUĪ, Monitum - To Warn
Temporal Augment
Some verbs form their perfect stems by increasing the length of the present stem’s vowel (often a slight vowel change also occurs, making them tricky to identify).
Moveō, Movēre, MŌVĪ, Mōtum - To Move
Emō, Emere, ĒMĪ, Emptum - To Buy
Capiō, Capere, CĒPĪ, Captum - To Take
Aorist
Another way to recognise a perfect stem is to look for an aorist marker, usually signified by the attaché run of an -s- or -x- to the present system’s stem.
Maneō, Manēre, MANSĪ, Mansum - To Stay
Claudō, Claudere, CLAUSĪ, Clausum - To Close
Intellegō, Intellegere, INTELLEXĪ, Intellectum - To Understand
Mittō, Mittere, MĪSĪ, Missum - To Send
Reduplication
When the first two letters of the present stem are repeated and added to the beginning to form the perfect stem (at times, there will be slight vowel changes).
Currō, Currere, CUCURRĪ, Cursum - To Run
Pellō, Pellere, PEPULĪ, Pulsum - To Drive
Reduplication with prefix
When a reduplicating verb has a prefix, the prefix takes the place of the reduplicating syllable.
Recurrō, Recurrere, RECURRĪ, Recursum - To Run Back
Expellō, Expellere, EXPULĪ, Expulsum - To Drive Out
First Conjugation Verbs
Ā is the theme vowel
Principal part pattern is nearly always -ō, -āre, -āvi, -ātum
Amō, Amāre, Amāvī, Amātum - To Love
Second Conjugation Verbs
Ē is the theme vowel
For about half, the principle part pattern is -eō, -ēre, -uī, -itum
Teneō, Tenēre, Tenuī, Tentum - To Hold
Third Conjugation Verbs
E is the theme vowel, but is unstable
No predominant participle part pattern
Mittō, Mittere, Mīsī, Missum - To Send
Third Conjugation -iō Verbs
E is their theme vowel, but their first participle part ends in -iō.
Conjugate like regular 3rdCVs but in present system tenses -i- is added between the stem and ending if there isn’t one there already.
Capiō, Capere, Cēpī, Captum - To Take
Fourth Conjugation Verbs
Ī is their theme vowel
Principal part pattern is almost always -iō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum
Dormiō, Dormīre, Dormīvī, Dormītum - To Sleep
N.B.
Notā Bene
Note Well
First Declension
Genitive = -ae
Āla, Ālae = Wing (f.)
Second Declension
Genitive = -ī
Dominus, Dominī = Master (m.)
Third Declension
Genitive = -is
Homō, Hominis = Person, Human Being (m.)
Fourth Declension
Genitive = -ūs
Ēventūs, Ēventūs = Outcome (m.)
Fifth Declension
Genitive = -ēī
Rēs, Rēī = Thing (f.)
Common Gender
Sometimes assigned to a natural gender noun that could refer to either a male of female person, such as cīvis (citizen).
Vice Versā
With the opposites having been turned around
Vērō
Really
There is no word for yes
Minimē
In the least!
There is no word for no
Ergō
Therefore
Per se
By themselves
Transitive Verbs
Where an action ‘goes across’ from a subject to an object - someone has to pick something (the act of picking requires a picker (subject) and a pickee (direct object)). These verbs need a direct object in order to make sense.
Intransitive Verbs
These verbs describe a state of being, such as sleeping. Nothing is being done to anyone; it just is. Verbs of motion fall into this category - if you were going to the store, you weeks put doing anything to the store, but your state of being was just in motion in that direction. Due to this intransitive verbs don’t need (indeed, they cannot have) direct objects.
Word Order
In Latin, this is usually subject-object-verb, but obviously check the context.
Modifiers
Everything in a Latin sentence exists to modify the verb and thus reduce the possibilities. Nouns show this relationship by taking case endings.
Predicate Nominatives
Method by which one equates a noun to the subject by putting it in the nominative case (the predicate being the part of the sentence that isn’t the subject), often with the help of the Latin verb sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be).
Ego mīles sum - I am a soldier, Marcus est amīcus meus - Marcus is my friend, Puerī sunt molestī - The boys are pests.
Appositives
In this construct the nouns can be in any case and any verb can be used.
Jim, my BROTHER, is buying a truck, a FORD, for his son PAUL.
All the capitalised words are appositives - Jim = brother (both would be nominative as the subject), Ford = truck (both would be accusative as the direct object), Paul = Son (both would be dative, as he benefits).
