Chapter VIII Flashcards
All-possible-orders Design
a within-subjects design in which the conditions of an independent variable are arranged in every possible sequence, and an equal number of participants are assigned to each sequence.
Between-subjects Design
an experimental design in which different participants are assigned to each of the conditions in the experiment.
Block Randomization
an experimental procedure in which
researchers conduct a round of all the conditions, then another round, then another, for as many rounds as needed to complete the experiment. Within each round, the order of conditions is randomly determined.
Block-Randomization Design
a within-subjects design in which every participant is exposed to multiple blocks of trials, with each block for each participant containing a newly randomized order of all the conditions.
Carryover Effects
order effects that occur when participants’ responses in one condition are uniquely influenced by the particular condition or conditions that preceded it.
Confounding Variable
an extraneous factor that covaries with an independent variable in such a way that we can no longer determine which one has caused the changes in the dependent variable; a confounding variable provides a potential alternative explanation for the results.
Control Condition/Group
in an experiment, the circumstance in which participants do not receive the treatment of interest or are exposed to a baseline level of an independent variable; see also
Counterbalancing
in a within-subjects design, a procedure in which the order of conditions is varied so that no condition has an overall advantage relative to the other conditions.
Experimental Control
the ability to (1) manipulate one or
more independent variables; (2) choose the types of dependent variables that will be measured, and how and when they will be measured, so that the effects of the independent variables can be assessed; and (3) regulate other aspects of the research environ- ment, including the manner in which participants are exposed to the various conditions in the experiment.
Experimental Condition/Experimental Group
in an experiment, the circumstance in which participants receive the treatment or “active” level of the independent variable;
Independent-Groups Design
a between-subjects design in which participants are randomly assigned to the various conditions of the experiment.
Latin Square
in a single-factor experiment with n conditions, an n (number of positions in a series) × n (number of orders)
Matched-groups Design
a between-subjects design in which each set of participants that has been matched on one or more attributes is randomly assigned the various conditions of the experiment.
Matching Variables
in a matched-groups design, a characteristic on which sets of individuals are matched as closely as possible.
Natural-groups Design
an approach in which a researcher measures a subject variable, forms different groups based on participants’ level of that variable, and then measures how the different groups respond on other variables.
