Chapter V Vocabulary Flashcards
Bidirectionality Problem
ambiguity about whether X has caused Y or Y has caused X.
Correlation
a statistical association between variables.
Correlational Research
research that involves examining potential associations between naturally
occurring variables by measuring those variables and determin- ing whether they are statistically related.
Criterion Variable
a variable that a researcher is trying to estimate or predict.
Cross-Sectional Research Design
a descriptive research design in which each person in the study participates on one occasion and all variables are measured at that time; in developmental research, a study in which participants of different ages are compared at the same point in time;
Model
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Multiple Regression
a statistical analysis that explores the linear relation between one variable and a set of two or more other variables.
Negative Correlation
correlation in which higher scores or levels of one variable tend to be associated with lower scores or levels of another variable.
Partial Correlation
a statistical approach in which a correlation between variable X and variable Y is computed while statistically controlling for their individual correlations with a third variable, Z.
Pearson’s r (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient)
a statistic that measures the direction and strength of the linear relation between two variables that have been measured on an interval or ratio scale.
Positive Correlation
correlation in which higher scores or levels of one variable tend to be associated with higher scores or levels of another variable.
Predictor Variable
a variable whose scores are used to estimate scores of a criterion variable.
Prospective Design
a longitudinal design in which variable X is measured at an earlier point in time than variable Y.
Range Restriction
the artificial limiting of the range of scores obtained for a variable.
Regression Analysis
a statistical analysis that explores the quantitative linear relation between two variables.
