Chapter Two Key Terms

Question 1

Compound that releases hydrogen ions in solution

Answer 1

Acid

Question 2

Amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed

Answer 2

Activation energy

Question 3

Nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer

Answer 3

ATP

Question 4

Building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable side chain

Answer 4

Amino acid

Question 5

Atom with a negative charge

Answer 5

Anion

Question 6

Smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element

Answer 6

Atom

Question 7

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Answer 7

Atomic number

Question 8

Compound that accepts hydrogen ions in the solution

Answer 8

Bass

Question 9

Electrical force linking atoms

Answer 9

Bond

Question 10

Solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH body fluids

Answer 10

Buffer

Question 11

What are the four types of lipids, important in human functioning?

Answer 11

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and prostaglandins

Question 12

Provide examples of three types of carbohydrates.

Answer 12

• monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, and ribose
• disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, and maltose
• polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, and cellulose (fiber)

Question 13

What are the critical functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 13

Carbohydrates are a critical fuel source and they are present in very small amounts in cell structure. For instance, some carbohydrate molecules bind with proteins to produce glycol proteins, and others combine with lipids to produce glycol lipids, both of which are found in the membrane that encloses the contents of the body cells.

Question 14

Explain the chemistry behind carbon affinity for covalently bonding, and organic compounds

Answer 14

Carbons affinity for covalent bonding means that many distinct and relatively stable organic molecules, nevertheless readily form larger, more complex molecules. Like beads on a necklace, monomers link by covalent bonds to form long polymers.

Question 15

Identify four types of organic molecules essential to human functioning

Answer 15

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides

Question 16

Describe the shape of a protein

Answer 16

A protein shape is determined by the sequence of amino acids of which it is made. The sequence is called the primary structure of the protein.

Question 17

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 17

The basic and acidic components enable proteins to function as buffers and maintaining acid base balance, and they also help to regulate fluid electrolyte balance. The body can also use proteins for energy when carbohydrate and fat intake is inadequate, and stores of glycogen and adipose tissue become depleted.

Question 18

What are the building blocks of nucleic acid? What are the roles of these building blocks and human function?

Answer 18

• DNA: stores genetic information
• RNA: a ribose containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein
• ATP: the energy released from these high energy bonds helps fuel the bodies activities, from muscle contraction to the transport of substances in and out of cells to anabolic chemical reactions