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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter Two: Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter Two: Chemistry Flashcards

0
Q

Matter exists in what three states?

A

Liquid, solid, gaseous

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1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

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2
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion.

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3
Q

Kinetic Energy is…

A

Energy in motion.

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4
Q

Potential Energy is ….

A

Stored Energy, that is, inactive energy that has the POTENTIAL or capability, to do work, but is not presently doing so.

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5
Q

Forms of Energy (4)

A

Chemical, electrical, mechanical and radiant

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6
Q

Chemical Energy is

A

the form stored in the bonds of chemical substances.

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7
Q

Electrical Energy results from…

A

the movement of charged particles.

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8
Q

Mechanical energy is…

A

energy directly involved in moving matter.

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9
Q

Radiant Energy is….

A

energy that travels in waves.

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10
Q

Elements are…

A

unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods.

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11
Q

Protons

A

Bear positive electrical charge

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12
Q

Neutrons

A

are neutral

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13
Q

Nucleus is…

A

the center of an Atom, that contains protons and neutrons tightly bond together.

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14
Q

Electrons

A

bear a negative charge equal in strength to the positive charge of the protons.

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15
Q

Orbitals

A

regions around the nucleus in which a given electron or electron pair is likely to be found most of the time.

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16
Q

Atomic Number of any atom is

A

equal to the number of protons in its nucleus and is written as a subscript to the left of its atomic symbol.

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17
Q

Mass Number of an atom is the…

A

sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons.

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18
Q

Isotopes

A

Have the same number of protons (and electrons), but differ in the number of neutrons they contain.

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19
Q

Atomic weight

A

is an average of the relative weights of all the isotopes of an element.

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20
Q

Molecule

A

a combination of two are more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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21
Q

When two or more different kinds of atoms bind, they form molecules of a…

A

compound.

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22
Q

Solutions are…

A

Homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids or solids.

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23
Q

Homogeneous means….

A

that the mixture has exactly the same composition or makeup throughout.

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24
Q

The substance present in the greatest amount is called the…

A

Solvent

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25
Q

Substances present in smaller amounts are called…

A

Solutes

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26
Q

Another way to express the concentration of a solution is in terms of its….

A

Molarity, or moles per liter, indicated by M.

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27
Q

Colloids (also called emulsions) are…

A

Heterogeneous mixtures which means that their composition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture. Colloids often appear translucent or milky and although the solute particles are larger than those in true solutions, they still do not settle out. However they do scatter light, so the path of a light beam shining through a colloidal mixture is visible.

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28
Q

Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures with…

A

Large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out. An example of a suspension is a mixture of sand and water. So is blood, in which the living blood cells are suspended in the fluid portion of blood (plasma). If left to stand, the suspended cells with settle out unless some mixed, shaken or circulated in the body.

29
Q

Electron Shells are…

A

Electrons forming the electron cloud around the nucleus of an atom

30
Q

Ionic Bond is a

A

chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other.

31
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms.

32
Q

Polar Covalent Bond is

A

Unequal sharing of electrons. Slight negative charge at one end of molecule, slight positive charge at other end. (water)

33
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

Equal sharing of electrons, charge is balanced among atoms. (carbon dioxide).

34
Q

Acids have a _____ taste and have a _____ph level

A

sour, low

35
Q

Bases have a ____ taste and have a ____PH level.

A

Bitter, high

36
Q

Biochemistry is the study of …

A

the chemical composition and reactions of living matter.

37
Q

All chemicals in the body fall into one of two major classes….

A

Organic or inorganic compounds.

38
Q

Organic compounds contain______. All organic compounds are colvalently bonded______, and many are large.

A

carbon, molecules

39
Q

Inorganic Compounds include ______, ______ and many ______ & _______.

A

water, salts, acids & bases

40
Q

Salt is an ______ compound

A

Ionic

41
Q

Electrolytes is a substance that…

A

conducts an electrical current in a solution.

42
Q

Polymers

A

are chainlink molecules made of many similar or repeating units (monomers), which are joined together by dehydration synthesis.

43
Q

Carbohydrates

A

a group of molecules that includes sugars and starches. Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

44
Q

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

A

are single-chain or single ring structures containing from three to seven carbon atoms.

45
Q

Disaccharide (double sugar)

A

is formed when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis.

46
Q

Polysaccharides

A

are polymers of simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis.

47
Q

Lipids

A

organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; examples are fats and cholesterol.

48
Q

Triglycerides

A

also called neutral fats, are commonly known as fats when solid or oils when liquid.

49
Q

Active sites

A

regions that fit and interact chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and charge.

50
Q

Enzymes

A

are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts.

51
Q

The substance on which an enzyme acts is called a __________.

A

Substrate.

52
Q

Composed of Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus, ________ _______are the largest molecules in the body.

A

Nucleic acids

53
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic Acid

54
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

55
Q

A always bonds to …

A

T

56
Q

G always bonds to….

A

C

57
Q

A & T are called _________ ________. C & G are called this too.

A

complimentary bases

58
Q

Energy in action is defined as _______ energy

A

Kinetic

59
Q

The four elements that comprise 96% of living matter are ________

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen

60
Q

The nucleus of an atom contains ______

A

Protons and neutrons

61
Q

The elements beryllium has 4 protons and 5 neutrons in its nucleus. Its atomic number is _____

A

4

62
Q

Isotopes differ in the number of _____ but have the same number of ____.

A

Neutrons; protons

63
Q

The most important determinant of an atoms bonding behavior is ______

A

the number of valence shell electrons

64
Q

If an atom losses an electron, the resulting charge of that atom is more _______.

A

Positive

65
Q

Covalent bonds occur when______

A

Electrons are shared between atoms

66
Q

The four major organic compounds that comprise our bodies are..

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids

67
Q

Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ______

A

removal of a water molecule between each two units

68
Q

The result of a neutralization reaction is the generation of ______ and ______

A

water; salt

69
Q

An example of a _________ would be chalk in water

A

Suspension

70
Q

_______ bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons resulting in a slight negative charge at one end of the molecule and a slight positive charge at the other end.

A

Polar

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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