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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

0
Q

4 regions of the adult brain

A

cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon, cerebellum and Brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)

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1
Q

cephalization

A

development of the cns

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2
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Lined by ependymal cells (ciliated). Connected to one another and to central canal of spinal cord.

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3
Q

regions of the adult brain

A

cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

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4
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

separates two hemispheres

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5
Q

transverse cerebral fissure

A

separates cerebrum and cerebellum

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6
Q

gyri

A

ridges

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7
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves

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8
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves

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9
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

makes up 40% of brain mass, site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication and memory storage.

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10
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

contains large neurons called pyramidal cells. Long axons->pyramidal tracts of spinal cord. Allows conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal movements.

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11
Q

premotor cortex

A

helps plan movements; staging area for skilled motor activities. Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills. Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions.

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12
Q

Damage to the premotor cortex

A

loss of motor skills

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13
Q

damage to the primary motor cortex

A

paralysis of the bodies voluntary muscles controlled by that area

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14
Q

Sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

A

conscious awareness of sensation. Occur in parietal, insular, temporal and occipital lobes.

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15
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

receives general sensory information from skin, and certain receptors of skeletal muscle, joints, and tendons.

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16
Q

Somatosensory Association cortex

A

integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding of object. Determines size, texture and relationship of parts of objects being felt.

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17
Q

Primary visual (striate) cortex

A

extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe. receives. visual information from retinas

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18
Q

visual association area

A

surrounds primary visual cortex. uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (e.g., color, form and movement) ability to recognize faces.

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19
Q

damage to the primary visual cortex

A

causes blindness

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20
Q

damage to the visual association are

A

inability to comprehend what they are looking at

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21
Q

multimodal association areas

A

allows meaning to information received, store in memory. make us who we are

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22
Q

anterior association area

A

involved with intellect, cognition, recall and personality

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23
Q

posterior association area

A

plays role in recognizing patterns and faces, localizing us in space and understanding written and spoken language

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24
Q

Limbic association area

A

provides emotional impact that makes scene important and helps establish memories. where are emotions are generated.

25
Q

Cerebral dominance

A

hemisphere dominant for language, math and logic. in 90% of people this is the left hemisphere. Other hemisphere (usually right) are free spirited, artsy and creative

26
Q

association fibers (white matter)

A

horizontal; connect different parts of same hemisphere

27
Q

commissural fibers (white matter)

A

horizontal; connect gray matter of two hemispheres

28
Q

projection fibers (white matter)

A

vertical; connect hemispheres with lower brain and spinal cord

29
Q

Diencephalon

A

encloses third ventricle, comprised of 3 paired structures

30
Q

Thalamus

A

80% of diencephalon. Functions as the gateway to the cerebral cortex. Sorts, edits and relays ascending input. Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning and memory

31
Q

Hypothalamic

A

controls autonomic nervous system (blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility). Physical responses to emotions (perception of pleasure, fear and rage). Regulates body temp, hunger and satiety, water balance and thirst, sleep-wake cycle. Controls endocrine system.

32
Q

Brain STem

A

controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival. Contains fiber tracts connecting higher and lower neural centers. Nuclei associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

33
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Autonomic reflex center

Cardiovascular center

  • cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
  • vasomotor center-adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation

Respiratory centers

  • generate respiratory rhythm
  • control rate and depth of breathing (with pontine centers
34
Q

Cerebellum

A

11% of brain mass. Allows smooth, coordinated movement. role in thinking and such.

35
Q

2 functional brain systems

A

limbic system

reticular formation

36
Q

Limbic System

A

a region that mediates emotional response and involved in memory processing. Recognizes angry or fearful facial expression, assesses danger, and elicits fear response. Puts emotional responses to odors

37
Q

Reticular Formation or reticular activating system (RAS)

A

sends impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert. Filters out repetitive, familiar, or weak stimuli. Inhibited by sleep centers, alcohol, drugs. Severe injury results in permanent unconsciousness. (coma)

38
Q

Brain wave patterns and the EEG

A

EEG (electroencephalogram)- records electrical activity that accompanies brain waves.

39
Q

Brain Waves

A

patterns of neuronal electrical activity. Generated by synaptic activity in cortex.

40
Q

alpha waves

A

awake but relaxed

41
Q

beta waves

A

awake, alert

42
Q

Theta waves

A

common in children

43
Q

Delta waves

A

deep sleep waves

44
Q

Epilepsy

A

condition in which people with loose consciousness, fall stiffly and have uncontrollable jerking. Epileptic seizures-an explosion of electrical charges by groups of neurons, this prevents other messages from getting through

45
Q

sleep and sleep-wake cycle

A

state of partial unconsciousness from which person can be aroused by stimulation.

46
Q

declarative memory

A

explicit memory: names, faces, places

47
Q

non declarative memory

A

acquired through experience and repetition.

48
Q

Function of the brain ventricles

A

The ventricular system accounts for the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. The ventricle system is a set of four interconnected cavities (ventricles) in the brain, where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced.

49
Q

Lateralization of hemisphere function

A

Means that the brains functions are separated by the left and right side of the brain.

50
Q

Define REM

A

a period of sleep during which dreaming takes place, characterized by rapid periodic twitching movements of the eye muscles and other physiological changes, such as accelerated respiration and heart rate, increase brain activity and muscle relaxation. REM sleep is the 5th and last stage of sleep.

51
Q

Define NREM

A

in NREM, stage one is characterized by drowsiness, stage two by light sleep, and stages three and four by deep sleep. In adults, NREM sleep accounts for about 75-80 percent of total sleep.

52
Q

Narcolespy

A

a condition characterized by an extreme tendency to fall asleep whenever in relaxing settings.

53
Q

Insomnia

A

habitual sleeplessness

54
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

pauses in breathing or instances of shallow breathing during sleep

55
Q

short term memory

A

the capacity for holding a small amount of info in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time.

56
Q

Long term Memory

A

a system for permanently storing, managing and retrieving info for later use. info can be available for a lifetime.

57
Q

Meninges

A

the 3 membranes (dura mater, arachonoid and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord.

58
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

Clear watery fluid that fills the space between the arachonoid membrane and the pia mater.

59
Q

The blood brain barrier

A

a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances.

60
Q

How is cerebrospinal fluid formed?

A

formed by secretion from the choroid plexuses of the cerebral ventricles

61
Q

describe cerebrospinal fluids pathway

A

fluid flows through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle, which it leaves by the median and to lateral formina

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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