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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 13 & 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 & 14 Flashcards

0
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Provides links from and to world outside body. PNS is the part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves and ganglia (a nerve cell cluster) outside of the brain and spinal cord. Sensory receptors, peripheral nerve endings, efferent motor endings (carry nerve impulses AWAY from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscles or glands).

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1
Q

Sensory receptors

A

specialized to respond to changes in environment (stimuli), activation results in graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses.

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2
Q

Sensation

A

awareness of stimuli. the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment.

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3
Q

Perception

A

interpretation of meaning of stimulus

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4
Q

Classification of receptors

A

based on

  • type of stimulus they detect
  • location in body
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5
Q

Mechanoresceptros

A

respond to touch, pressure, vibration and stretch

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6
Q

thermoreceptors

A

sensitive to changes in temperature

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7
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light energy (e.g. retina)

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8
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals (smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

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9
Q

nociceptors

A

sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals)

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10
Q

Exteroceptors (location sensory receptors)

A

respond to stimuli arising outside of body, receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain and temperature. Most special sense organs.

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11
Q

Interoceptors (Location of sensory receptor)

A

respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels. Sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch and temperature changes. Sometimes cause discomfort but usually unaware of their workings.

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12
Q

Proprioceptors (Location of sensory receptor)

A

respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles. Inform brain of one’s movements

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13
Q

tactile corpuscles

A

dicriminative touch

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14
Q

lamellar corpuscles

A

deep pressure and vibration

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15
Q

bulbous corpuscles

A

deep continuous pressure

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16
Q

muscle spindles

A

muscle strech

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17
Q

Sensation

A

the awareness of changes in the internal and external environment

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18
Q

perception

A

the conscious interpretation of those stimuli

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19
Q

Levels of neural integration in sensory systems:

A

receptor level: sensory receptors reside
circuit level: processing in ascending pathways
Perceptual level-processing in cortical sensory areas

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20
Q

Processing at the 3 levels

A

Level one: Stimulus -> Graded potential/generator potential in afferent neuron ->action potential

Level two: Conduction of sensory impulses upward (first, second, third order sensory neurons

Level three: interpretation of input base on location of target neurons in sensory cortex

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21
Q

Perceptual detection

A

ability to detect a stimulus has occurred

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22
Q

Magnitude estimation

A

ability to detect how intense stimulus is

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23
Q

Spatial descrimination

A

identify the site or patter of stimulation (two-point discrimination)

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24
Q

Feature abstraction

A

mechanism for which a neuron/circuit is tuned to one feature of a stimulus in preference to another.

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25
Q

Perception of Pain

A

warns of actual or impending tissue damage. Stimuli include extreme pressure and temperature, histamine K+, ATP, acids and Bradykinin. Impulses travel on fibers that reales neurotransmitters glutamate and substance P. In times of danger, some pain impulses are blocked by in endogenous opioids.

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26
Q

Visceral Pain

A

stimulation of visceral organ receptors. Felt as vague aching, gnawing, burning. activated by tissue stretching, ischemia, chemicals, muscle spasms

27
Q

Referred pain

A

pain from one body region but perceived from a different region. (left arm pain during a heart attack.)

28
Q

Structure of the Nerve

A

cordlike organ of the PNS. Axon wrapped in myelin sheath. Each nerve is wrapped in endoneurium. Bundles of endoneurium, fascicles, wrapped in perineurium.

29
Q

Ganglia

A

Contain neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in PNS. Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons. Ganglia associated with efferent nerve fibers contain autonomic motor neurons.

30
Q

Regeneration of nerve fibers

A

Mature neurons are amitotic (related to the division of a cell nucleus into two parts by constriction) but if soma of damaged nerve is intact, peripheral axon may regenerate. Greater distance betwen severed ends-less change of regeneration. Most CNS fibers never regenerate, CNS oligodendrocytes bear growth-inhibiting proteins that prevent CNS fiber regeneration

31
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of mixed nerves named for point of issue from spinal cord. Supply all body parts but head and part of neck. 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal.

32
Q

Ventral Roots

A

Contain Motor (efferent) fibers from ventral horn motor neurons

33
Q

Dorsal Roots

A

Contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia and conduct impulses from peripheral recpetors

34
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

arises from L4-S4, serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures and perineum. Sciatic nerve resides in the sacral plexus-longest and thickest nerve of body, innervates hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in leg and foot, composed of two nerves: tibial and common fibular.

35
Q

Dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of single spinal nerve. All spinal nerves except for C1 participate in dermatomes. extent of spinal cord injuries ascertained from dermatomes. Most dermatomes overlap, so destruction of a single spinal nerve will not cause complete numbness.

36
Q

Reflex activity

A

Inborn reflex- rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to stimulus

Learned reflexes- result from practice or repetition. example- driving skills

37
Q

somatic reflexes

A

activation of skeletal muscle

38
Q

autonomic reflexes

A

activate visceral effectors (smooth or cardiac muscle or glands)

39
Q

Spinal somatic reflexes

A

integration center in spinal cord. Effectors are skeletal muscle. Testing of somatic reflexes important clinically to assess condition of nervous system

40
Q

Stretch and Tendon reflexes

A

to smoothly coordinate skeletal muscle, nervous system must receive proprioceptor input regarding;
length of muscle-from muscle spindles
amount of tension in muscle-from tendon organs

41
Q

the stretch reflex

A

maintains muscle tone in large postural muscles.
How stretch reflex works:
->stretch activates muscle spindle
-> sensory neurons synapse directly with a motor ………

42
Q

The tendon reflex

A

polysynaptic reflexes. helps prevent damage due to excessive stretch. important for smooth onset and termination of muscle contraction. Produce muscle relaxation (lengthening) in response to tension.

43
Q

Reflexes to know (4)

A

stretch, cross-extensors, tendon, flexor

44
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

occurs with flexor reflexes in weight-bearing limbs to maintain balance.

45
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

consists of motor neurons that innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands. Makes adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities. Operate via subconscious control. also called involuntary nervous system or general visceral motor system. one part of the PNS, the other part is the somatic nervous system. involuntary actions such as breathing and digestion

46
Q

Somatic versus autonomic nervous systems

A

both have motor fibers. Differ in effector organs, efferent pathways…..

47
Q

effector in somatic nervous system

A

skeletal muscle

48
Q

effector in sympathetic nervous system

A

organs

49
Q

effector in parasympathetic nervous system

A

organs

50
Q

Role of the parasympathetci division

A

promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy. Directs digestion, diuresis, defecation.
As in person relaxing and reading after a meal. Blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rates are low

51
Q

role of sympathetic division

A

mobilizes body during activity; fight or flight system. Exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment. Increased heart rate; dry mouth; cold, sweaty skin; dilated pupils

52
Q

Parasympathetic (crainosacral) division

A

long preganglionic fivers from brain stem and sacrum. Extend from CNS almost to target organs. Synapse with postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia close to/within target organs. Short postganglionic fibers synapse with effectors.

53
Q

Cholinergic receptors

A

2 types of recpetors bind ACh ->nicotinic, muscarinic. Names after drugs that bind them and mimic ACh effects.

54
Q

Control of the ANS function

A

hypothalamus-main integrative center of ANS activity. Subconscious cerebral input via limbic system structures on hypothalamic centers

55
Q

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

A

overactive sympathetic vasoconstrictor response to stress. Treated with adrenergic receptor-blocking drugs

56
Q

Autonomic dysreflexia

A

uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons in quadriplegics and those with spinal cord injuries above T6. Blood pressure skyrockets. Life-threatening.

57
Q

General structure of a spinal nerve

A

Each spinal nerve connects to spinal cord viw two roots->ventral roots and dorsal roots.

58
Q

Rami

A

each spinal nerves branched into mixed rami (dorsal ramus and ventral ramus)

59
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

in neck, C1-C5. Supplies neck and phrenic nerve to the diaphragm.

60
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

in armpit, C5 to T1. Supplies upper limb and some shoulder/neck.

61
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

In lower back, L1 to L4. Supples abdominal wall, anterior thigh and genitalia.

62
Q

Plexus

A

a network of nerves or vessels in the body.

63
Q

Components of a reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integration center
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector
64
Q

Flexor reflex

A

a spinal reflex in which a painful (pressure) stimulus applied to a toe, results in a flexion, or withdrawal, of the leg. Also called withdrawal reflex.

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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