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PHARMACOLOGY > CHAPTER TWO: BASIC CONCEPTS AND PROCESSES > Flashcards

CHAPTER TWO: BASIC CONCEPTS AND PROCESSES Flashcards

1
Q

What are some “jobs” for cells and their components

A

Manufacture products and deliver them, differ tissues from each other, obtain energy, reproduce taking in materials and nutrients.

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2
Q

How do drugs affect cellular function

A

By first interacting with the cellular membrane

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3
Q

Define lipidphillic and lipidphobic

A

Lipidphillic: works with the lipid membrane
Lipidphobic: does not interact with the membrane

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4
Q

Where does systemic effect occur

A

The cellular level

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5
Q

What is pharmodynamics

A

Effect a drug has on the body

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6
Q

List the four ways drugs work

A

Substitute for missing chemicals, stimulate cellular functions, slow cellular functions, cell death

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7
Q

What do drugs chemically bind with

A

Receptor cells

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8
Q

What actions do receptor cells cause

A

Activation, inactivation or alteration of enzymes, change cell membranes, modification of the synthesis, release or activation of neurohormones

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9
Q

What are receptors made out of and where are they located

A

They are proteins that are on cell membranes

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10
Q

What defines how a drug works in terms of receptors

A

Level of attraction to the receptor and concentration of drug

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11
Q

Define agonists and antagonists

A

Agonists activate a response and antagonists stop a response

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12
Q

Give examples of drugs that do not act on receptor sights

A

Antacids, osmotic diuretics, anticancer drugs, metal chelating agents (excretion of toxic metals)

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13
Q

What is a nonspecific drug effect

A

Works on specific receptor type, but those receptors are found in multiple organs/tissues

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14
Q

What is a Nonselective drug effect

A

Acts on different types or receptors
Example: epinephrine

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15
Q

What is pharmokinetics

A

Movement of drugs through the body

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16
Q

What are the processes of pharmokinetics

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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17
Q

Where does metabolism occur in the body

A

The liver

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18
Q

The process that occurs from the time the drug enters the body to the when it goes into the bloodstream

A

Absorption

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19
Q

Difference between active and passive transport

A

Active: moving from lower to higher concentration with energy
Passive: moving across the membrane without energy

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20
Q

What is the onset of the drug action determined by

A

Rate of absorption

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21
Q

What can effect absorption

A

Dosage, from of med, and administration, food and other meds

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22
Q

What are enteral medications

A

PO meds and meds that go through GI tubes

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23
Q

What can effect enteral absorption

A

GI movement, pH of the stomach, surface area of bowl (also pain and stress, by diverting blood flow)

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24
Q

What is parenteral medications

A

Does not go through GI
Examples: IV, IM, Sub Q

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25
Q

What effects rate of absorption in parenteral meds

A

The blood flow to area
- circulation and tissue type (fat is slower than muscle)

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26
Q

When would IV absorption be an issue

A

Vascular issues

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27
Q

Define distribution

A

Transport of drug molecules within the body, movement to tissues

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28
Q

What effects distribution

A

Blood circulation and volume, protein binding

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29
Q

What protein do drugs bind to in blood

A

Albumin

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30
Q

Difference between unbound and protein bound drugs

A

Protein bound drugs are inactive, only unbound drugs move through capillaries. The benefit is control of storage and distribution.

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31
Q

What does low protein binding mean

A

Short duration of action

32
Q

Are drugs stored in muscle and fat

A

Yes

33
Q

Hypoalbinemia

A

Monitor for excessive free drugs, can cause toxicity

34
Q

How are ionized cells absorbed

A

Not well

35
Q

How do drugs pass the blood brain barrier

A

Highly lipid soluble

36
Q

What is metabolism

A

Inactivation by the body

37
Q

Ways of metabolism

A

Changed into new chemicals, made inactive

38
Q

Inactive prodrugs

A

Drugs that become active when metabolized

39
Q

Where are drug metabolizing enzymes located

A

Kidneys, liver, RBC, plasma, lungs, GI mucus

40
Q

What to do when metabolizing organs are damaged

A

Carefully medicate and decrease dose

41
Q

What is the most common liver enzyme

A

P450 cytochrome

42
Q

What is induction in terms of metabolism

A

Caused by chronic usage, metabolism is increase and a higher does needs given

43
Q

Inhibition in terms of metabolism

A

Two meds that are metabolized by the same enzyme, meaning that toxicity is possible

44
Q

Define excretion

A

Elimination of medication

45
Q

Where are meds primarily excreted

A

Kidneys

46
Q

What other ways to excrete medications

A

Skin, saliva, lungs, bile, feces

47
Q

Ways excretion can be effected

A
  • GFR (more than 60 is normal)
  • urine acidity (4.5-8)
  • BUN (10-20mg)
    Creatine (0.7-1.4)
48
Q

Variables influencing drug therapy

A

Clinical factors (age, etc.)
Pharmokinetics (absorption, etc.)
Administration (route)
Pharmodynamics (therapeutic window, side effects)

49
Q

Variables influencing drug therapy

A

Clinical factors (age, etc.)
Pharmokinetics (absorption, etc.)
Administration (route)
Pharmodynamics (therapeutic window, side effects)

50
Q

Onset

A

Time it takes to produce a response

51
Q

Peak

A

Time to reach effective concentration

52
Q

Trough

A

Lowest level of concentration before next dose

53
Q

Duration

A

Length of time the concentration can produce a response

54
Q

Plateau

A

Maintained level for fixed doses

55
Q

First pass effect

A

When a high amount of the drug is gone before reaching the liver to be metabolized

56
Q

Most common people in drug trials

A

White males 18-54

57
Q

Polymorphism

A

Metabolism of medication is effected by genetics

58
Q

Cross tolerance

A

Tolerant to another drug in its class so tolerant to the new drug as well

59
Q

Do African Americans respond better to beta blockers or calcium channel blockers

A

Calcium channel blockers

60
Q

Serum level

A

Lab measurement of amount of drug in bloodstream

61
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Margin between effectiveness and toxicity, some drugs have a very narrow margin

62
Q

Dosages, route of administration, drug-diet interactions, drug-drug interactions

A

Variables

63
Q

Dosages, route of administration, drug-diet interactions, drug-drug interactions

A

Variables

64
Q

Additive effects

A

Using two meds when one would work

65
Q

Additive effects

A

Using two meds when one would work

66
Q

Synergism

A

Combining drugs for a stronger effect

67
Q

Synergism

A

Combining drugs for a stronger effect

68
Q

Interference

A

When one drug effects another, normally metabolism

69
Q

Displacement

A

Receptor has a stronger attraction to one drug so the other has a higher concentration in the bloodstream

70
Q

When are adverse effects more severe

A

With a higher dose of

71
Q

When are adverse effects more severe

A

With a higher dose

72
Q

Common and serious adverse effects

A
  • CNS (agitation, confusion, depression)
  • GI (bleeding)
    -hematologic (risk for bleeding)
    -nephrotoxicity (damage)
    -hyper sensitivity (allergic reaction)
  • serum glucose (raise blood sugar)
73
Q

Teratogenicity

A

Dangerous for pregnant women

74
Q

Black box warning

A

For meds that can cause life threatening effects

75
Q

Pregnancy categories in terms of med safety

A

A- no damage
B- no studies on humans, but safe
C- no studies in animals OR humans
D- shown to have risks, only given in certain situations
X- not given

76
Q

Important facts about toxicology

A
  • fast treatment
    -stable vitals
    -prevent further damage through reducing absorption and increases elimination
    -give antidotes

PHARMACOLOGY (9 decks)

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