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PHARMACOLOGY > CHAPTER FOURTY-SIX AUTONOMIC AND CNS > Flashcards

CHAPTER FOURTY-SIX AUTONOMIC AND CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What does PNS stand for

A

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What do afferent neurons do

A

carries messages to the brain

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3
Q

What do efferent neurons do

A

carry messages away from the brain

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4
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

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5
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

involutory organ, gland, and smooth muscle response

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6
Q

what are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

the sympathetic (adrenergic) and parasympathetic (cholinergic)

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7
Q

what is the goal of the ANS

A

maintain homeostasis and equilibrium in the body

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8
Q

what is the sympathetic (adrenergic)

A

fight or flight

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9
Q

what is the parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

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10
Q

define neurotransmitters

A

used by the nervous system

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11
Q

define neurohormones

A

used by the endocrine system

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12
Q

what are the main neurotransmitters

A

norepinephrine and acetylcholine

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13
Q

define ligand

A

a binding molecule

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14
Q

define affinity

A

the level of attraction/binding

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15
Q

what is an antagonist

A

blocks a physiological response

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15
Q

what is an agonist

A

can trigger a physiological response

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16
Q

signal transduction

A

what it is called when a ligand stimulates/blocks a target

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17
Q

response of sympathetic/adrenergic

A
  • increased HR and BP
  • increase glucose
  • increased mental activity
  • pupil dilation (increased sight)
  • increased cellular metabolism
  • increased blood flow to brain, heart, and muscles
  • bronchodilation
  • relaxation of bladder
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18
Q

define endogenous

A

originates within the body

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19
Q

define exogenous

A

drug therapy

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20
Q

what are catecholamines

A

SNS neurotransmitters and hormones

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21
Q

common SNS neurotransmitters

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine (adrenaline), dopamine

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22
Q

facts about norepinephrine

A
  • both a transmitter and hormone
  • the body reuses it
    -created in nerve endings
    -metabolized by MOA and COMT
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23
Q

facts about epinephrine/adrenaline

A
  • made in adrenal glands
    -metabolized by MOA and COMT
  • commonly used for anaphylaxis
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24
Q

facts about dopamine

A
  • found in brain, blood vessels and kidneys
  • acts on BP and HR
  • commonly used in renal and heart failure
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25
Q

facts about Alpha 1 receptors

A
  • found in smooth muscle in blood vessels, GI and GU
  • causes muscle contraction, vasoconstriction and pupil dilation
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26
Q

facts about alpha 2 receptors

A
  • found in brain and pancreas
  • inhibits norepinephrine, stopping the sympathetic response
  • inhibits insulin release
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27
Q

facts about beta 1 receptors

A
  • found in heart cells
  • increases HR and contraction
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28
Q

facts about beta 2 receptors

A
  • found in smooth muscle of lungs, skeletal and urinary
  • relaxation of muscles
    -bronchodilation
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29
Q

define sympathomimetic

A

mimics the SNS

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30
Q

define adrenergic agonist

A

causes SNS response

31
Q

define adrenergic antagonist

A

stops SNS response

32
Q

define sympatholytic

A

stops SNS response

33
Q

define adrenergic blocker

A

stops SNS response

34
Q

alpha 1 drug uses

A

nasal congestion, hypotension, dilation of pupils
- treated through vasoconstriction

35
Q

alpha 2 drug uses

A

hypertension
- vasodilation and inhibiting insulin release

36
Q

beta 1 drug uses

A

cardiac arrest, heart failure, shock
- increases HR and contraction

37
Q

beta 2 drug uses

A

asthma, premature labor contractions
- relaxes muscles

38
Q

what is a selective medication

A

acts on a specific receptor sight and has less side effects
- ex: selective beta 1 blocker will not effect beta 2

39
Q

what is a non selective med

A

acts on more than one receptor type with more side effects

40
Q

what type of med is phenylephrine

A

sympathomimetic: stimulates alpha 1
- increases BP
- treats allergies and congestion

41
Q

what type of med is dopamine

A

sympathomimetic
- used in renal and heart failure

42
Q

what type of med is norepinephrine

A

sympathomimetic: stimulates A1, A2, and B1

43
Q

what type of med is epinephrine

A

sympathomimetic
- epi pens

44
Q

what type of med is midodrine

A

sympathomimetic: A1
- orthostatic hypotension

45
Q

what type of med is albuterol

A

sympathomimetic: selective beta 2
- bronchodilation

46
Q

what type of med is isoproterenol

A

sympathomimetic: beta 1 and 2
- increase HR and bronchodilation

47
Q

side effects of sympathomimetics

A
  • tachycardia, dysrhythmia, chest pain
  • hypertension
  • CNS excitement (nervous, restless)
  • dry mouth (HF and RF)
  • nausea and vomiting
    -dysuria (painful urination)
48
Q

contraindications of sympathomimetics

A
  • pheochromocytoma (secretes catecholamines)
  • tachy-arrhythmias
  • CVD and PVD
    -HTN
    -thyroid disease
    -hypovolemia (low blood volume)
    -renal or hepatic issues
    interacts with: tcas, maois, herbals, otcs
49
Q

effects of parasympathetic system/cholinergic

A
  • lower BP and HR
    -increased secretions of digestive enzymes
    -pupil constriction
  • contraction of bladder
    contraction of skeletal muscle
50
Q

primary neurotransmitter of parasympathetic/cholinergic

A

acetylcholine

51
Q

facts about acetylcholine

A
  • formed in nerve endings
  • excitatory effects of nerve synapse
  • inhibits effects at peripheral sites
    -body recycles
52
Q

parasympathetic cell receptors

A

nicotinic (CNS nerves and skeletal muscle)
- activated by Ach
- release epinephrine
- fast and brief response
muscarinic (internal organs)
- activated by Ach
- can be excited or inhibited
-slow and prolonged response

53
Q

direct acting definition

A

bind to and activate receptors
- longer duration of action
- widespread effects

54
Q

indirect acting definition

A

inhibit AchE

55
Q

why are cholinergic drugs typically not used

A

high potential for adverse effects

56
Q

what do cholinergic drugs commonly treat

A

myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer’s disease, GI and urinary muscle strength (retention), glaucoma

57
Q

what is a cholinergic drug

A

promotes parasympathetic

58
Q

what is a parasympathomimetic drug

A

promotes the parasympathetic

59
Q

what is a cholinergic agonist drug

A

promotes the parasympathetic

60
Q

what is a parasypatholytic drug

A

inhibits the parasympathetic

61
Q

what is a cholinergic antagonist drug

A

inhibits the parasympathetic

62
Q

what is a cholinergic blocker

A

inhibits the parasympathetic

63
Q

what type of drug is bethanechol

A

cholinergic agonist: muscarinic stimulant, direct acting
- increases contraction and promotes bladder emptying

64
Q

what type of drug is carbachol

A

cholinergic agonist: direct acting
- decreases intraocular pressure for glaucoma

65
Q

what type of drug is donepezil

A

selective AchE inhibitor
- increases levels of Ach, compensate for loss of cholinergic brain cells
-used to treat Alzheimer’s

66
Q

what type of drug is pyridostigmine

A

AchE inhibitor
-treats myasthenia gravis

67
Q

side effects of parasympathomimetics

A

-nausea, vomiting, loose stool
-increased salivation
-watery eyes
-Headache and dizziness
-bradycardia
-narrowed airway
-urinary urgency

68
Q

cholinergic drug contraindications

A

-Urinary and GI obstruction
-asthma
-ulcers
-inflammatory GI
-coronary artery disease
- hyperthyroidism
-pregnancy
+
-hepatic and renal issues

69
Q

what kind of drug is atropione

A

anticholinergic
- stimulates HR, reduces salivation, and GI spasms

70
Q

what kind of drug is dicyclomine/propantheline

A

anticholinergic
-treats IBS, sweating, uncontrolled bladder and cramping

71
Q

what kind of drug is meclizine/scopolamine

A

anticholinergic
-treats vertigo and motion sickness
block Ach

72
Q

what kind of drug is glycopyrrolate

A

anticholinergic
-decreases oral secretions for vented and neuro patients

73
Q

what kind of drug is ipratropium/tiotropium

A

anticholinergic
-blocks muscle receptors, causes bronchodilation
-for COPD

74
Q

list common anticholinergic drug uses

A

-GI disorders
-ophthalmic procedures
-cardiac rhythm disorders
-pre-anesthesia
-asthma
-overreactive bladder

75
Q

side effects of anticholinergics

A

tachycardia, HTN
-CNS stimulation
-constipation and urinary retention
-dry mouth and eyes
-inhibition of sweating
-photophobia, blurred vision, increased pressure
-weakness and dizziness

76
Q

anticholinergic contraindications

A

-glaucoma
-GI conditions
-enlarged prostate and bladder obstruction
-arrhythmias, tachycardia, Mi
-renal and hepatic issues
- use of antihistamines, antiparkinsonian meds, and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) depression med

PHARMACOLOGY (9 decks)

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