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Biology Higher GCSE Edexcel > Chapter Two: > Flashcards

Chapter Two: Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of Mitosis?

A

To produce Diploid Cells

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2
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

A type of cell division

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3
Q

When does Mitosis occur?

A

Whenever more cells are needed

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4
Q

What is the product of Mitosis?

A

Two new cells which are identical to each other

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5
Q

Name the seven phases of Mitosis:

A 
Interphase 
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase 
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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6
Q

What happens at Interphase?

A

The Chromosomes in the nucleus are copied.

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7
Q

What happens at Prophase?

A

The chromosomes increase

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8
Q

What happens at Prometaphase?

A

The chromosomes line up

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9
Q

What happens at Metaphase?

A

The cell begins to split

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10
Q

What happens at Anaphase?

A

The cell splits

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11
Q

What happens to the DNA when Chromosomes divide?

A

The DNA model (which is made of two strands) separate. New strands are then made for each divided strand.

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12
Q

What is Asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction which needs only one parent

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13
Q

Why are the offspring of asexual reproduction identical?

A

As there is no mixing of genetic information

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14
Q

What are the offspring of asexual reproduction called?

A

Clones

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15
Q

Where does asexual reproduction occur?

A

Mostly in plants.

Can occur in starfish and sea anemones.

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16
Q

Where does growth occur in plants?

A

Mainly at shoot and root tips and in special growth zones like buds

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17
Q

Where does growth occur in animals?

A

New cells can be made by most tissue

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18
Q

How does growth occur in plants?

A

Size increase often caused by increasing size of cells by absorbing water in the vacuole

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19
Q

How does growth occur in animals?

A

Size increase brought about by increasing the number of cells

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20
Q

How do cells differentiate in plants?

A

Most plants can differentiate into different cell types

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21
Q

How do cells differentiate in animals?

A

Only stem cells can differentiate

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22
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells found in animals

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23
Q

What is a feature of stem cells?

A

They have the ability to grow into different tissues

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24
Q

Where do stem cells come from?

A

Human embryos or adult bone marrow

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25
Q

What could stem cells be used for?

A
  • Making new brain cells
  • Rebuilding bones and cartilage
  • Repairing damaged immune systems
  • Making replacement heart valves
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26
Q

What are the advantages of embryonic stem cells?

A
  • Easy to extract from embryos
  • Produce any type of cell
  • Replace faulty cell with healthy cell
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27
Q

What are the advantages of bone marrow stem cells?

A
  • Replace faulty cell with healthy cell
  • No embryo destroyed
  • If taken from person to be treated, the cell won’t be rejected
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28
Q

What are the disadvantage of embryonic stem cells?

A
  • Embryo destroyed when cells removed (ethical issue)
  • Body will reject cells without use of drugs
  • May produce cancerous cells instead of healthy cells
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29
Q

What are the disadvantages of bone marrow stem cells?

A
  • May produce cancerous cells instead of healthy cells
  • Difficult to find and extract from tissue
  • Produce only a few types of cells
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30
Q

What is Cancer?

A

The result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled cell division

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31
Q

Name seven parts of the brain:

A 
Cerebral Cortex 
Hypothalamus 
Pituitary Gland 
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Spinal Cord
Cerebullum
32
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex?

A

The part of the brain responsible for intelligence, language, memory and consciousness.

33
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A

The processing centre in the brain that controls body temperature.

34
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

The gland responsible for releasing hormones (such as follicle stimulating hormone[FSH])

35
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

It triggers egg release and progesterone production in the ovaries.

36
Q

What is the pons?

A

Where the spinal cord and brain meet.

37
Q

What do the pons and the medulla oblongata have in common?

A

They both regulate breathing.

38
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

The control centre for a number of vital body functions such as heartbeat pacing, controlling blood vessels and blood pressure and setting the rate and depth of your breathing

39
Q

What do the spinal cord and brain make up?

A

The central nervous system

40
Q

What is the Cerebellum responsible for?

A

Co-ordinated body movements, posture and balance.

41
Q

What are CT scans?

A

Scans that give 2D X-ray images of the body from one angle.

42
Q

What are PET scans?

A

Scans that use radioisotope tracer drugs (etc. fluorine-18) that emit gamma rays that allow the PET scanner to produce images.

43
Q

Name the five senses and their sense organ:

A 
Touch - Skin 
Smell - Nose
Sight - Eyes
Taste - Mouth
Sound - Ear
44
Q

What is unique about skin in terms of senses?

A

It can detect two stimuli: temperature and pain.

45
Q

What is a sense organ?

A

A part of the body that can detect a specific stimuli

46
Q

What do receptors detect?

A

A change in environment

47
Q

What is the function of sensory neurones?

A

To carry signals from the receptors to the CNS (central nervous system)

48
Q

What is the function of relay neurones?

A

To carry messages from one part of the CNS to another

49
Q

What is the function of motor neurones?

A

To carry signals from the CNS to effectors

50
Q

Name the organelles of a Neuron:

A 
Dendrites
Dendron 
Nucleus 
Axon 
Axon Terminals
51
Q

What is the function of the dendrites?

A

To receive impulses from receptor cells

52
Q

What is the function of the Axon terminals?

A

Pass impulse to other neurones

53
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A tiny gap made when two neurons meet

54
Q

How do signals cross the synapse?

A

They use chemicals released by the neuron. The chemical diffuses across the gap and cause the next neuron to transmit an electrical signal.

55
Q

What are the chemical messengers that cross the synapse called?

A

Neurotransmitters

56
Q

What is the purpose of the reflex arc?

A

What controls reflex reactions.

57
Q

What is the purpose of the reflex reactions?

A

Allows a quick response when the safety of the organism is at risk

58
Q

What does the reflex arc cause?

A

It causes signals to be passed directly from a sensory neurone to a motor neuron (via a relay neurone)

59
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

The nerve pathway which makes a fast, automatic response possible. It doesn’t require any brain power.

60
Q

Name 10 parts of the eye:

A 
Ciliary Muscle 
Conjunctiva 
Cornea
Fovea
Iris
Lens
Optical Nerve
Pupil 
Retina 
Suspensory Ligament
61
Q

What is the Cornea?

A

Front part of the tough outer coat.

62
Q

Name two features of the Cornea:

A

It is convex

It is transparent

63
Q

What is the function of the Cornea?

A

Refracts light (bends the light as it enters the eye)

64
Q

What is the Iris?

A

Front part of the eye. Its muscles contract and relax to later the size of the pupil.

65
Q

Why is the Iris pigmented?

A

So light can’t pass through

66
Q

What is the function of the Iris?

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

67
Q

What is the lens?

A

Disc behind the Iris that is attached by suspensory ligaments to the ciliary muscles.

68
Q

Name three features of the Lens:

A

Transparent
Biconvex
Flexible

69
Q

What is the function of the Lens?

A

Focuses light onto the Retina

70
Q

What is the Retina?

A

Lining of the back of the eye, contains photoreceptor cells.

71
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptor cells in the Retina?

A

Rods and Cones

72
Q

What are the features of Rods?

A

Sensitive to dim light and B&W

73
Q

What are the features of Cones?

A

Sensitive to colour

74
Q

What is the fovea?

A

The area in the middle of the retina, contains more cones than rods.

75
Q

What is the function of the Retina?

A

Contains light receptors

76
Q

What is the Optic Nerve?

A

Bundle of sensory neurones at the back of the eye

77
Q

What is the function of the Optic Nerve?

A

Carries impulses from the eye to the brain

Biology Higher GCSE Edexcel (4 decks)

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