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Biology Higher GCSE Edexcel > Chapter One: > Flashcards

Chapter One: Flashcards

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1
Q

Who made the first ever Microscope?

A

Hans and Zacharias Janssen in the 1590s

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2
Q

What magnification are modern light microscopes capable of?

A

1500x

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3
Q

What magnification are electron microscopes capable of?

A

2000000x (2 million times)

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4
Q

What do both types of microscope use to function?

A

Radiation

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5
Q

What is Resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish two objects from each other

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6
Q

What does Resolution depend on?

A

The distance between two distinguishable points.

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7
Q

What type of microscope has higher resolution?

A

Electron Microscope

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8
Q

Formula for Length of object?

A

Length of magnified object / magnification

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9
Q

Formula for Length of magnified object?

A

Length of object * magnification

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10
Q

Formula for Magnification?

A

Length of magnified object / length of object

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11
Q

What limits a light telescope’s magnification?

A

Its Wavelength

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12
Q

What do electron microscopes use to form an image?

A

Beams of electrons

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13
Q

What do light microscopes use to form an image?

A

Rays of light

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14
Q

Name the parts of a standard microscope:

A 
Eyepiece
Objective Lens
1000x objective 
Disc diaphragm 
Illuminator 
Fine Focus
Coarse Focus 
Arm
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15
Q

What is the formula for total magnification?

A

Power of ocular lens * power of objective lens

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16
Q

What is the formula for power of ocular lens?

A

Total magnification / power of objective lens

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17
Q

What is the formula for power of objective lens?

A

Total magnification / power of ocular lens

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18
Q

If the prefix is tera(T), what is the scientific notation and multiplying factor?

A

Multiplying factor: 1000000000000 (trillion)

Scientific Notation: 10^12

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19
Q

If the scientific notation is 10^9, what is the prefix and multiplying factor?

A

Prefix: Giga(g)

Multiplying Factor: 1000000000 (billion)

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20
Q

If the multiplying factor is 1000000(million), then what is the prefix and scientific notation?

A

Prefix: Mega(M)

Scientific Notation: 10^6

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21
Q

If the prefix is kilo(k), what is the scientific notation and multiplying factor?

A

Multiplying Factor: 1000

Scientific Notation: 10^3

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22
Q

If the scientific notation is 10^-3, what is the prefix and multiplying factor?

A

Prefix: Milli (m)

Multiplying Factor: 0.001

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23
Q

If the multiplying factor is 0.000001(millionth), what is the prefix and scientific notation?

A

Prefix: Micro (µ)

Scientific Notation: 10^-6

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24
Q

If the prefix is nano(n), what is the scientific notation and multiplying factor?

A

Multiplying Factor: 0.000000001 (billionth)

Scientific Notation: 10^-9

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25
Q

If the scientific notation is 10^-12, what is the prefix and multiplying factor?

A

Prefix: Pico (p)

Multiplying Factor: 00.000000000001(trillionth)

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26
Q

Name all organelles of a plant and an animal cell:

A 
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall 
Chloroplasts
Cytoplasm 
Mitochondria 
Nucleus
Ribosomes 
Vacuole
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27
Q

What Organelle is unique to an Animal cell?

A

Mitochondria

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28
Q

What Organelles are unique to a plant cell?

A

Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Vacuole

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29
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A

Contains Genetic Information, controls cell activities

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30
Q

What is the function of the Cytoplasm?

A

Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes

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31
Q

What is the function of the Cell Membrane?

A

Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell

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32
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

A

Where most energy is released by respiration

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33
Q

What is the function of the Ribosomes?

A

Where protein synthesis takes place

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34
Q

What is the function of the Cell Wall?

A

Strengthens the cell

35
Q

What is the function of Chloroplasts?

A

Contains Chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place

36
Q

What is the function of the Vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap to keep the cell turgid

37
Q

Name five specialised cells:

A 
Leaf Cell
Root Hair cell
Sperm Cell
Red Blood Cells
Egg Cell
38
Q

What is the purpose of a Leaf Cell?

A

Absorbs light energy for Photosynthesis

39
Q

What are the properties of a Leaf Cell?

A

Packed with Chloroplasts

Regular Shaped, closely packed together to form continuous layer for efficient sunlight absorption

40
Q

What is the purpose of a Root Hair Cell?

A

Absorbs water and mineral ions from soil.

41
Q

What are the properties of a Root Hair Cell?

A

Long ‘finger-like’ process within a very thin wall, which gives large surface area

42
Q

What is the purpose of a Sperm Cell?

A

Fertilises the Egg Cell (Ovum)

43
Q

What are the properties of a Sperm Cell?

A

Head contains genetic information and an enzyme to help penetrate the Egg Cell’s membrane.
Middle section packed with mitochondria for energy

44
Q

What is the purpose of a Red Blood Cell?

A

Contains Haemoglobin to carry oxygen to cells

45
Q

What are the properties of a Red Blood Cell?

A

Thin outer membrane to let oxygen diffuse easily
Shape increases surface area
No nucleus, the whole cell is full of Haemoglobin

46
Q

What are the properties of an Egg Cell (ovum)?

A

One of the largest cells in the human body
Haploid Nucleus - contains half the number of chromosomes - and a large cytoplasm contains nutrients and mitochondria needed for Mitosis.

47
Q

What Organelles are in a Bacteria Cell?

A 
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Large Circular DNA
Pili
Plasmids 
Ribosomes
48
Q

What is the function of the Plasmids?

A

Contains genes that help cell function

49
Q

What is a Prokaryotic Cell?

A

Cells that don’t have a membrane-bound nucleus meaning their DNA is free in the cytoplasm

50
Q

Give an example of a Prokaryotic Cell:

A

Bacteria Cell

51
Q

What is the function of the Pili?

A

Allows Bacteria cells to exchange plasmids

52
Q

What is a Eukaryotic Cell?

A

Cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus

Have linear chromosomes instead of circular

53
Q

Give three examples of Eukaryotic Cells:

A

Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Fungus Cell

54
Q

What type of Catalysts are Enzymes?

A

Biological Catalysts

55
Q

What is a Catalyst?

A

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change

56
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Proteins folded into complex shapes

57
Q

What do the complex shape of Enzymes allow?

A

Smaller molecules to fit into them

58
Q

Where do substrate molecules fit into the enzyme?

A

At its Active Site

59
Q

What may happen if the shape of an enzyme changes?

A

The active site may no longer work. We say that enzyme has denatured.

60
Q

How can enzymes be denatured?

A

High temperatures or extreme pHs

61
Q

Name three enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of food molecules:

A

Amylase
Protease
Lipase

62
Q

What reaction is Amylase the catalyst for?

A

Starch -> Sugar

63
Q

What reaction is Protease the catalyst for?

A

Proteins -> Amino Acids

64
Q

What reaction is Lipase the catalyst for?

A

Lipids -> Fatty acids + glycerol

65
Q

What is Amylase an example of?

A

A carbohydrase.

66
Q

Where is Amylase produced?

A

Salivary Glands, pancreas, small intestine

67
Q

Where is Protease produced?

A

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

68
Q

Where is Lipase produced?

A

Pancreas, small intestine

69
Q

Why is catalysis by enzymes important for life processes?

A

Speeds up reaction times

70
Q

What is the test for Starch?

A

Add iodine solution to substance

If it turns black-blue starch is present.

71
Q

What is the test for Glucose?

A

Dissolve substance into water and adding benedict’s solution

If it turns blue Glucose is present

72
Q

What is the test for Proteins?

A

Use Biuret regent

Turns mauve/purple if protein is present

73
Q

What is the test for Lipids?

A

Use the emulsion test
Mix the substance with 2ml of Ethanol and an equal volume of distilled water
A milky white emulsion is formed if lipids are present.

74
Q

What is a calorimeter?

A

A piece of equipment designed to measure the energy released or absorbed during a chemical reaction

75
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A

The enzyme being the lock and the substance being the key. Only the correct sized substance fits into the keyhole (the active site)

76
Q

What does the shape of an enzyme depend on?

A

The order of amino acids

77
Q

What temperature do enzymes work best at?

A

37 degrees celsius

78
Q

What is the formula for Enzyme activity?

A

rate * reaction volume

79
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

When particles move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

80
Q

When does Diffusion happen?

A

When particles are free to move

81
Q

What is the purpose of Diffusion?

A

For dissolved substances to pass through the cell membrane to get in or out of a cell.

82
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The movement of water from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration

83
Q

What do you need for Osmosis to happen?

A
  • Two solutions with different concentrations

- A partially permeable membrane to separate them

84
Q

What is the purpose of Osmosis?

A

Allows water to move across cell membranes

Biology Higher GCSE Edexcel (4 decks)

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