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General Psychology > Chapter Two > Flashcards

Chapter Two Flashcards

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1
Q

All-or-none

A

Referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all

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2
Q

Amygdala

A

Brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear

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3
Q

Antagonists

A

Chemical substances that block or reduce a cell’s response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters

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4
Q

Association areas

A

Areas within each love of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processes

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands

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6
Q

Axon

A

Tubelike structure that carries the neural message to other cells

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7
Q

Axon terminals

A

Branches at the end of the axon

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8
Q

Biological psychology or

Behavioral neuroscience

A

Branch of neuroscience had focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning

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9
Q

Brain stem

A

Section of the brain that connects directly to the spinal cord and regulates vital functions such as breathing, the heart, reflexes, and level of alertness

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10
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly

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11
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Cerebellum

A

Part of the lower brain located being the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement

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13
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

The two sections of the correct on the left and right sides of the brain

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14
Q

Cerebrum

A

Upper part of the brain consisting of two hemispheres and the structures that connect them

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15
Q

Cingulate cortex

A

Primary cortical component of the limbic system, involved in emotional and cognitive processing

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16
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

Brain imaging method using computer controlled X-Rays of the brain

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17
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

Cortex

A

Outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher though processes and interpretation of sensory input

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19
Q

Deep lesioning

A

Insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire

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20
Q

Dendrites

A

Branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons

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21
Q

Diffusion

A

Process of molecules moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

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22
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter that regulates movement, balance, and waking and is involved in the disorders of schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease

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23
Q

Efferent (motor) neuron

A

A neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

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24
Q

Electroencephalograph

A

Machine designed to record the electroencephalogram

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25
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

A recording of the electrical activity of large groups of cortical neurons just below the skull, most often using scalp electrodes

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26
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

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27
Q

Endorphin

A

Neurotransmitter that is found naturally in the body and works to block pain and elevate mood. It is chemically similar to morphine and its name is short for “endogenous morphine”

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28
Q

Enzymatic degradation

A

Process by which structure of neurotransmitters is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor

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29
Q

Excitatory synapse

A

Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire

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30
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech

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31
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

MRI-based brain-imaging method that allows for a function examination of brain areas through changes in brain oxygenation

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32
Q

GABA

A

Abbreviation for gamma- aminobutyric acid, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

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33
Q

Glial cells

A

Cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, influence information processing, and during prenatal development, influence the generation of new neurons

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34
Q

Gonads

A

Sex glands; secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction

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35
Q

Hippocampus

A

Curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects

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36
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands

37
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly about the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex

38
Q

Inhibitory synapse

A

Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing

39
Q

Inter neuron

A

A neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the afferent neuron and sends commands to the muscles through efferent neurons. Make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain

40
Q

Limbic system

A

A group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation

41
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Brain- imaging nervous using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain

42
Q

Medulla

A

The first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate

43
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Neurons that fire when an animal or person performs an action and also when an animal or person observes that same action being performed by another

44
Q

Motor cortex

A

Section of the frontal lobe located at the back, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system

45
Q

Motor neuron

A

A neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
Also called efferent neuron

46
Q

Motor pathway

A

Nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of efferent neurons

47
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse

48
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body

49
Q

Nervous system

A

An extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body

50
Q

Neuron

A

The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and which receives and sends messages within that system

51
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma

52
Q

Neuroscience

A

A brach of life sciences that deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue

53
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical found in synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell

54
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Sections of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain

55
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

Two bulb like projections just under the front of the brain that receives information from the receptors in the nose

56
Q

Ovaries

A

The female gonads

57
Q

Pancreas

A

Endocrine gland; controls the level of sugar in the blood

58
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day to day functioning of organs and glands

59
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, as temperature sensations

60
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

All nerves and neurons that aren’t contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself

61
Q

Pineal gland

A

Endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum; secretes melatonin

62
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormones-secreting glands (known as master gland)

63
Q

Pons

A

The larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom of the brain and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal

64
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Brain imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain

65
Q

Receptor sites

A

3- dimensional proteins on the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters

66
Q

Reflex arc

A

The connection of the afferent neurons to the inter neurons to the efferent neurons, resulting in a reflex action

67
Q

Resting potential

A

The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse

68
Q

Reticular formation (RF)

A

An area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly behind that is responsible for general attention, alertness, and arousal

69
Q

Reuptake

A

Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back to the synaptic vesicles

70
Q

Sensory neuron

A

A neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system
Also called the afferent neuron

71
Q

Sensory pathway

A

Nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of afferent neurons

72
Q

Serotonin

A

Neurotransmitter involved in pain disorders and emotional perceptions
( knows an 5-hydroxytryptamine) (5-HT)

73
Q

Single photon emission tomography (SPECT)

A

Neuroimaging method that is similar to PET but uses a different radioactive tracer and can be used to examine brain blood flow

74
Q

Soma

A

The cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining life of the cell

75
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Division of PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body

76
Q

Afferent (sensory) neurons

A

A neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system

77
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing

78
Q

Spatial neglect

A

Condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field

79
Q

Spinal cord

A

A long bundle of neurons that carries

Messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, life saving reflexes

80
Q

Stem cells

A

Special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of becoming other cell types when those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear

81
Q

Sympathetic division (fight or flight system)

A

Part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal

82
Q

Synapse ( synaptic gap)

A

Microscopic fluid filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell

83
Q

Synaptic knob

A

Rounded areas in the end of the axon terminal

84
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals

85
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Area of the cortex located just behind the temples contained the neurons possible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech

86
Q

Testes

A

Make gonads

87
Q

Thalamus

A

Part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper place

88
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Endocrine gland found in the neck; regulates metabolism

89
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Condition resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

General Psychology (3 decks)

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