Chapter One

Question 1

Bio psychological perspective

Answer 1

Perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system

Question 2

Case study

Answer 2

Study of one individual in great detail

Question 3

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 3

Study of physical changes in the Brian and nervous system during thinking

Question 4

Cognitive perspective

Answer 4

Modern perspective that focuses of memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning

Question 5

Control group

Answer 5

Subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment

Question 6

Correlation

Answer 6

A measure of the relationship between two variables

Question 7

Correlation coefficient

Answer 7

A number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and the direction of a correlation

Question 8

Critical thinking

Answer 8

Making reasoned judgement about claims

Question 9

Dependent variable

Answer 9

Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subject in the experiment

Question 10

Double blind study

Answer 10

Study in which neither the expirementer nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group

Question 11

Evolutionary perspective

Answer 11

Perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share

Question 12

Experiment

Answer 12

A deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships

Question 13

Experimental group

Answer 13

Subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable

Question 14

Experimenter effect

Answer 14

Tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study

Question 15

Functionalism

Answer 15

Early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of the study is how the minds allows people to adapt, live, work, and play

Question 16

Gestalt psychology

Answer 16

Early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures

Question 17

Humanistic perspective

Answer 17

Perspective that emphasizes human potential and the idea that people have the freedom to choose their own destiny

Question 18

Hypothesis

Answer 18

Tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations

Question 19

Independent variable

Answer 19

Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter

Question 20

Naturalistic observation

Answer 20

Study in which the researcher observes people or animals in their normal environment

Question 21

Objective introspection

Answer 21

The process of examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities

Question 22

Observer bias

Answer 22

Tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

Question 23

Observer effect

Answer 23

Tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed

Question 24

Operational definition

Answer 24

Definitions of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured

Question 25

Participant observation

Answer 25

A naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed

Question 26

Placebo effect

Answer 26

The phenomenon in which expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

Question 27

Population.

Answer 27

The entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested

Question 28

Psychiatric social worker

Answer 28

A social worked with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse

Question 29

Psychiatrist

Answer 29

A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

Question 30

Psychoanalysis

Answer 30

The theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud

Question 31

Psychoanalyst

Answer 31

Either a psychiatrist or psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis

Question 32

Psychodynamic perspective

Answer 32

Modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior than sexual motivations

Question 33

Psychologist

Answer 33

A professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology

Question 34

Psychology

Answer 34

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 35

Random assignment

Answer 35

Process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group

Question 36

Replicate

Answer 36

In research, repeating a study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results

Question 37

Representative sample

Answer 37

Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population is subjects

Question 38

Scientific method

Answer 38

System of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced

Question 39

Single blind study

Answer 39

Study in which the subjects do not know in they are in the experimental or control group

Question 40

Sociocultural perspective

Answer 40

Perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture

Question 41

Structuralism

Answer 41

Early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of mind

Question 42

Survey

Answer 42

Study conducted by asking a series of questions to a group of people

Question 43

Behaviorism

Answer 43

The science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only