Chapter 4 Flashcards
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Premise that states drama are created by the high centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods
Adaptive theory
Theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active
Alcohol
The chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter
Alpha waves
Brain Waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep
Altered states of consciousness
State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness
Amphetamines
Stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than being found in nature
Barbiturates
Depressant drugs that have a sedative effect
Benzodiazepines
Represent drug that lowers anxiety and reduces stress
Beta waves
Smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity
Caffeine
A mild stimulate found in coffee, tea, and several other plant based substances
Circadian rhythm
A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24- hour period
Cocaine
A natural drug derived from the leaves of a coca plant
Consciousness
A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment, which is used to organize behavior
Delta waves
Long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep
Depressants
Drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system
Hallucinogens
Drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering perception of reality
Hallucinogenic
Drugs that include hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings or relaxation and intoxication
Heroin
Narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive
Hypnosis
State of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestions.
Insomnia
The inability to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep
LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide)
Powerful synthetic hallucinogen
Marijuana
Mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant
MDMA (ecstasy or X)
Designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects
Mescaline
Natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons
Micro sleeps
Brief sidesteps of sleep lasting only a few seconds
Morphine
Narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain
Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder in which a person falls asleep immediately into REM sleep during the Day without warning
Narcotics
A class of opium- related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous systems natural receptors sites for endorphins
Nicotine
Active ingredient in tobacco
Night terrors
Relative rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during sleep without waking fully
Nightmares
Bad dreams occurring during REM sleep
Non-REM sleep (NREM)
Any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM
Opium
Substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotics drugs are derived
PCP
Synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that cause cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogen effects
Physical independence
Condition occurring when a person’s body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug
Psilocybin
Natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms
Psychoactive drug
Drugs that alter thinking, perception and memory
Psychological dependence
The feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotion or psychological well- being
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Stage of sleep in which eyes move rapidly under the eye lids and a person is typically experiencing a dream
REM behavior disorder
A rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares
REM paralysis
The inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep
REM rebound
Increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights
Restorative theory
Theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage
Sleep apnea
Disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more during sleep
Sleep deprivation
Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability
Sleep walking (somnambulism)
Occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or waking around in ones sleep
Social- cognitive theory of hypnosis
Theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but merely playing the role expected of them in the situation
Stimulants
Drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system
Stimulatory hallucinogen
Drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulate and hallucinogenic effect
Theta waves
Brain Waves indicating early stages of sleep
Waking consciousness
State in which thought, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert
Withdrawal
Physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems
Activation-information mode model (AIM)
Revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams
