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ANAT 315 > Chapter Three: The Spine > Flashcards

Chapter Three: The Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral column

A

-7 cervical vertebrae (in the neck)
-12 thoracic vertebrae (in the thorax)
-5 lumbar vertebrae (in the lower back)
-5 fused sacral vertebrae (in the sacrum)
-1 or 2 coccygeal vertebrae (in the coccyx or tail bone)

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2
Q

Vertebral structure main parts

A

-body (and a disc)
-vertebral arch

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3
Q

Vertebral body and disc

A

-bodies articulate vertically with each other via intervertebral discs

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4
Q

Annulus fibrosus (part of disc)

A

outer fibrocartilage cortex

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5
Q

Nucleus pulposus (part of disc)

A

-pulpy inner core (medulla)

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6
Q

Vertebral disc labelling

A
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7
Q

Vertebral arch elements

A

-pedicles
-lamina
-vertebral foramen
-vertebral canal
-infravertebral notch

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8
Q

Pedicles

A

Bony processes that attach to the body on each side

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9
Q

Lamina

A

Connect to the pedicles anteriorly and to each other posteriorly

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10
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Made up of the arch and posterior aspect of the vertebral body (hole)

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11
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Vertical cylinder made up of all the vertebral foramina, where spinal cord runs through

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12
Q

Infravertebral notch

A

Formed by the body and the vertebral arch, where pedicle meets pedicle.

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13
Q

Processes of the vertebral column

A

-articular processes
-transverse processes
-spinous processes

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14
Q

Articular processes

A

-inferior articular process and superior articular process
-they form the joint (apophyseal)

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15
Q

Transverse processes

A

-serve as attachments for muscles and in the thorax also as attachments for ribs
-stick out to the sides

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16
Q

Spinous processes

A

-single process that projects backwards

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17
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

-where the spinal nerves enter and exit the column
-very critical if damaged

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18
Q

Vertebrae labelling

A
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19
Q

The atlas

A

-C1
-designed to hold up the skull
-has a larger vertebral foramen, but little to no body

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20
Q

The axis

A

-C2
-prominent feature is the dens (looks like a finger pointing upwards)
-this fits into the extra space of C1
-permits rotation of the head

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21
Q

Transverse ligament

A

-holds dens to atlas
-snaps when a person is hung

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22
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A

-where C1 attached to the occipital condyles

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23
Q

Typical cervical vertebrae

A

-oval and thin
-spinous processes are bifid (split in 2 posteriorly)
-discs are thick because neck is flexible
-contain transverse foramen

24
Q

Transverse foramen (in cervical vertebrae)

A

-for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein

25
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

-thicker heart shaped body
-apophyseal joints are oriented coronally (more forward)
-articular facets to accommodate the joints with heads of ribs

26
Q

Transverse costovertebral joints

A

-where ribs articulate with facets of thoracic vertebrae

27
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

-very thick and kidney shaped
-thick discs because relatively flexible (most likely to be damaged)
-facet joints face medial laterally

28
Q

Sacrum

A

-5 fused vertebrae
-sacral foramina (usually 4 on each side)
-medial sacral crest (looks like an ear), is where hip girdle articulates

29
Q

Sacroiliac joint

A

-holds lower limbs (pelvic girdle) to vertebral column

30
Q

Sacrum labelling

A
31
Q

Curvatures of the vertebral column

A

-cervical (secondary)
-thoracic (primary)
-lumbar (secondary)
-sacral (primary)

32
Q

Primary vs secondary curvatures

A

-primary: present in the fetus
-secondary: develop after birth

33
Q

Kyphosis

A

-exaggeration of the thoracic curvature
-hunch back

34
Q

Lordosis

A

-excessive curvature in the lumbar region
-swayback
-ruptured disc is common because there is too much pressure on these discs

35
Q

Scoliosis

A

-coronal malcurvature of the spine to one or both sides

36
Q

Curvatures of the spine labelling

A
37
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

-runs down the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies

38
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

-runs down the posterior (dorsal) aspects of the vertebral canal

39
Q

Ligamentum flavum

A

-join the laminae of the vertebrae
-elastic tissue

40
Q

Interspinous ligaments

A

-connect adjacent spinous processes

41
Q

Supraspinous ligaments

A
42
Q

Ligamentum nuchae

A

-where supra and inter spinous ligaments are reinforced
-elastic tissue
-keeps your head up without using much effort
-where they aim for in bull fights

43
Q

Intertraverse ligaments

A

-connect the transverse processes with eachother

44
Q

Ligaments of the vertebral column labelling

A
45
Q

Muscles of the neck

A

-splenius capitis
-semispinalis capitis

46
Q

Splenius capitis

A

-origin point: lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebral arches
-insertion point: mastoid process

47
Q

Semispinalis capitis

A

-origin point: lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebral arches
-insertion point: occipital bone

48
Q

Neck muscles labelling

A
49
Q

Muscles of the back

A

-superficial group: erector spinae group (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis)
-deep group: transversospinalis

50
Q

Spinalis

A

-long muscle that sits against the spine
-most medial muscle to the spine

51
Q

Longissimus

A

-longer muscle that starts further down

52
Q

Iliocostalis

A

-starts at the ilium (pelvis) and attaches to the ribs (costa)
-most lateral muscle to the spine

53
Q

Back muscles labelling

A
54
Q

Transversospinalis

A

-origin: transverse processes
-insertion: spine
-consist of small slips running up from the spine from transverse processes 3 or 4 levels below

55
Q

Actions of the muscles of the back

A

-extend along the entire vertebral column and aid in posture

56
Q

Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves

A

-travels into the back (both motor and sensory nerves)
-exit from the intervertebral foramina

57
Q

Ventral rami

A

-travels to front of body
-exit through intervertebral foramina

ANAT 315 (5 decks)

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