Chapter One: Introduction to Gross Anatomy Flashcards
Anatomical Position
Body standing, feet flat on the floor, head upright, eyes straight ahead, arms by side with hands down, palms forward, fingers unclenched.
Superior and Inferior
Superior: above (shoulder superior to hip)
Inferior: below (spine is inferior to skull)
Medial and Lateral
Medial: toward centre (chest is medial to arm)
Lateral: toward sides of body (arm is lateral to chest)
Anterior and Posterior
Anterior: front of body (stomach)
Posterior: back of body (back)
Proximal and Distal
Proximal: close to body attachment
Distal: further away from body attachment (wrist is distal to the elbow)
Superficial and Deep
Superficial: closer to body surface (muscles are superficial to bones)
Deep: further into body (muscles are deep to skin)
Horizontal/Transverse
Perpendicular to vertical plane (cuts body in half separating top from bottom)
Coronal/Frontal
Divides body into anterior and posterior sections (like a tiara)
Sagittal
Divides the body into right and left portions
Simple Epithelial
One layer of cells thick
Stratified Epithelium
Multiple layers of cells thick
Squamous Epithelium
Flat cells
Cuboidal Epithelium
Cubic
Columnar Epithelium
Tall
Superficial Fascia
Form the insulating layer of the skin
Loose Connective Tissue
-Made up of cells and fibres
-Fills the spaces of the body and has many structural, metabolic, and immune functions
-Also makes up the superficial fascia of gross anatomy
Adipose Tissue
Loose connective tissue made up of fat cells
Ligaments
Connect one bone to the next
Tendons
Connect muscles to bone
Bone Layers
-Outer (cortical) layer
-Inner spongy (cancellous) bone layer
-Medulla/medullary cavity: contains hematopoeitic blood forming tissue
Parts of the Bone
-Diaphysis (shaft)
-Epiphysis (each end)
Epiphyseal Plate
Growth plate
Nutrient Foramina
Hole in the bone where blood vessels enter and leave
Cartilage
Type of supporting/connective tissue
-softer, more pliable than bone and receives nutrients through diffusion
Hyaline Cartilage
-most common
-precursor of bones
-covers joint surfaces, coastal cartilage and nasal septum
Elastic Cartilage
-very flexible
-external ear, epiglottis, and eustachian tube
Fibrocartilage
-very tough and inelastic cartilage
-intervertebral discs, and symphysis pubis
3 types of muscle
-smooth muscle
-cardiac muscle
-skeletal muscle
Smooth Muscle
-involuntary/not under conscious control
-digestive tract, urinary tract and reproductive system
Cardiac muscle
-found only in the heart
-rate of contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Skeletal muscle
-voluntary muscle
-under direct control of the brain via motor fibres of somatic nervous system
Skeletal Muscle Terminology: Origin
Attachment of the muscle to the bone (usually proximal attachment)
Skeletal Muscle Terminology: Insertion
-attachment of the muscle by a tendon into the bone
-generally more distal than origin
Skeletal Muscle Terminology: Motor Unit
-group of muscle cells innervated by branches of the same motor nerve
2 basic nervous tissue cells
-neurons (active cells)
-glia (supporting cells)
Neuron Parts
-cell body
-axon
-dendrites
Myelin
Form the myelin sheath, which wraps around the axon.
Glial cell types
-astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microcytes
-ependymal cells
Astrocytes
-largest population of glia
-star-like
-interconnect between neurons, themselves and between neurons and capillaries
Oligodendrocytes
-form insulation for axons in the CNS
Microcytes
-CNS ‘clean up’ cells that remove debris
Ependymal cells
-specialized cells lining the ventricles of the CNS
Synapses
-how one neuron communicates with another
-uni-directional
Types of nerves
-efferent nerves (motor/outgoing fibres)
-afferent nerves (sensory/incoming fibres)
Somatic nerves
Going to skeletal muscle
