Chapter Three Terms - Adolescence Flashcards
Cognitive Development
Change over time in how people think, solve problems, and their capacities for memory andattention change
Stage
A period in which abilities are organized in a coherent, interrelated way
Mental Structure
The organization of cognitive abilities into a single patterm
Cognitive Development Approach
Cognition changes that take place at different ages
Maturation
Growing up/Growing older
Schemes
A mental structure for organizing and interpreting information
Assimilation
The cognitive process that occurs when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme
Accommodation
The cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt to new information
Sensorimotor Stage
First 2 years of life that involves learning how to coordinate the activites of the senses with motor activities
Preopreational Stage
From age 2 to 7 child becomes capable of representing the world symbolically through the use of language
Concrete Operation
From age 7 to 11 child learns to use mental operation, but are not able to do hypothetical situations
Mental Operations
Cognitive activity involving manipulating and reasoning about objects.
Formal Operation
From age 11 and up when children learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses
Pendulum Problem
Piaget’s classes test of formal operation
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
When Formal Operations children are able to solve a problem and explain how they got there
Abstract Thinking
Thinking in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts
Complex Thinking
Thinking that takes into account multiple connections and interpretations such as methaphor, satire, and sarcasm
Metacognition
The ability to think about thinking
Postformal Thinking
Type of thinking beyond formal operation that uses pragmatism and reflective judgement in real life
Pragmatism
Thinking that involves seeing a problem with multiple solutions and not just one logical one
Dialectical Thought
Involves an awareness that most problem do not have a single solution and that problems must often be addressed with pieces of information missing
Reflective Judgement
Capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments
Dualistic Thinking
Cognitive tendency to see situations and issues in polarized, absolute, black and white terms
Multiple Thinking
Recognition that there is more than one view and it is difficult to justify which is true or accurate
Relativism
Ability to know that competing points have reasons and you can compare both of the views
Commitment
Person commit themselves to a certain point of view they believe, but are still open to rethinking the certain point
Information-Processing Approach
Approach to understading the steps involved in the thinking process and how each step is connected
Discontinous
Development takes places in stage that are separate from one another
Continuous
Development takes place as a gradual, steady process
Componential Approach
Involves breaking down the thinking process into various components
Reductionism
Breaking up a phenomenon into separate parts to such an extant that the meaning and coherence of the phenomenon as a whole becomes lost
Organizational Core
Cognitive development affects all areas of thinking, no matter the topic
Social Cognition
How people think about other people, social relationships, and social institutions
Perspective Taking
The ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of other
Social and Conventional system perspective taking
realizing that social perspectives of self and others are influenced not just by interaction with each other but their roles in the larger society
prosocial
promoting the well-being of others
Theory of Mind
The ability to attribute mental states to one’s self and others, including beliefs, thoughts, and feelings
Personal Fable
Believing that they are unique and include a sense of invulnerability that leads to taking risks
Optimistic Bias
Tendency to assume that what happens to others would not happen to you
Fluid Intelligence
Mental abilities that involve peed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to information (Think SAT)
Crystallized Intelligence
Accumalated knowledge and enhanced judgement based on experience
Transracial Adoption
The adoption of children of one race by parents of a different race
Synapse
Point of transmission between two nerve cells
Neurons
Cells of the nervous system, including the brain
Overproduction
A rapid increase in the production of synaptic connections in the brain
Gray Matter
Where most of the growth in brain cells occurs during overproduction in adolescence
Frontal Lobes
Involves in planning ahead and analyzing complex problems
Synaptic Pruning
After overproduction occurs, numbers of snypases reduces making the brain faster and more efficient, but less flexible
Myelination
Serves the function of keeping the brain’s electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed
Cerebellum
Involved in basic functions such as movement and also higher functions as math, music, decision making and social skills
