chapter test

Question 1

the process by which our sensory receptor and nervous system receive and represent stimulus

Answer 1

sensation

Question 2

the process of organising and interpreting sensory information

Answer 2

perception

Question 3

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing

Answer 3

bottom-up processing

Question 4

analysis guided by higher-level mental processes

Answer 4

top down processing

Question 5

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particualar stimulus

Answer 5

selective attention

Question 6

when one has intense and targeted attention toward a specific task, becomes creative and productive, and often loses track of time

Answer 6

flow experience

Question 7

falling to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Answer 7

inattentional blindness

Question 8

falling to notice changes in the envirronment

Answer 8

change blindness

Question 9

conversion of one form of energy into another (in sensation, changing stimulus energy into neural impulses that our brain can interpret)

Answer 9

transduction

Question 10

the minimum stimualtion needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

Answer 10

absolute threshold

Question 11

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation

Answer 11

signal detection theory

Question 12

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Answer 12

subliminal

Question 13

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

Answer 13

priming

Question 14

the principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

Answer 14

Weber’s law

Question 15

a diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Answer 15

sensory adaptation

Question 16

a mental predisposition to percieve on thing and not another

Answer 16

perceptual set

Question 17

a given stimulus may trigger radically different perception, often due to one’s context

Answer 17

context effect

Question 18

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokineses

Answer 18

parapsychology

Question 19

mind to mind communication

Answer 19

telepathy

Question 20

percieving remote events, such as something occuring in another state

Answer 20

clairvoyance

Question 21

perceiving future events, such as unexpected death

Answer 21

precognition

Question 22

a psychic ability allowing a person to influence a physcvial system through non physical means

Answer 22

psychokinesis

Question 23

The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

Answer 23

wavelength`

Question 24

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

Answer 24

hue

Question 25

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave

Answer 25

intensity

Question 26

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye, through which light enters

Answer 26

pupil

Question 27

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye and controls the size of the pupil opening

Answer 27

iris

Question 28

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

Answer 28

lens

Question 29

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, contains rods and cones

Answer 29

retina

Question 30

When the eye’s lens changes shape to focus images on the retina

Answer 30

accommodation

Question 31

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, necessary for peripheral vision

Answer 31

rods

Question 32

Retinal receptors that detect fine detail and color sensations

Answer 32

cones

Question 33

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Answer 33

optic nerve

Question 34

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and no receptor cells are present

Answer 34

blind spot

Question 35

The central focal point in the retina, where the cones cluster

Answer 35

fovea

Question 36

Receptor rods and cones, Bipolar Cells, Ganglion Cells, Optic Nerve, Thalamus, and Visual Cortex

Answer 36

order of the flow of light

Question 37

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

Answer 37

feature detector

Question 38

Teams of cells that respond to complex patterns

Answer 38

Supercell Clusters:

Question 39

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

Answer 39

parallel Processing:

Question 40

The theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors (Red, Green, and Blue)

Answer 40

young-helmholts theory

Question 41

The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision

Answer 41

oppoinent-process theory

Question 42

The principle that people instinctively perceive objects as either in the background or the foreground

Answer 42

figure-ground

Question 43

The principle is that when things appear similar, people group them together

Answer 43

Similarity/Grouping

Question 44

The principle that when thing figures are nearby, people group them together

Answer 44

proximity

Question 45

The principle that people tend to perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones

Answer 45

Continuity:

Question 46

The principle that people tend to fill in gaps in order to create a complete, whole object

Answer 46

closure

Question 47

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images are two dimensional

Answer 47

depth perception

Question 48

The experiment showed that mobile infants had already developed a fear of falling and heights

Answer 48

visual cliff experiment

Question 49

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

Answer 49

monocular cues

Question 50

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

Answer 50

binocular cues

Question 51

By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance (a binocular cue for perceiving depth

Answer 51

retinal disparity

Question 52

The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

Answer 52

perceptual adaption

Question 53

Can distinguish between figure and ground, color, and brightness. However, they could not recognize objects or distinguish shapes.

Answer 53

People who were born blind and had their sight restored

Question 54

the sense or act of hearing

Answer 54

audition

Question 55

The relative strength of sound waves, which we perceive as loudness or volume

Answer 55

amplitude

Question 56

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

Answer 56

frequency

Question 57

A tone’s experienced highness or lowness, dependent on the frequency

Answer 57

pitch

Question 58

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear

Answer 58

cochlea

Question 59

The main mechanical component of the inner ear, it contains tiny hairs that act as sound receptors, and provides information about the frequency

Answer 59

basilar membrane

Question 60

The theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

Answer 60

place theory

Question 61

The theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone

Answer 61

frequency theory

Question 62

How do we locate sounds?

Answer 62

One of the ears will receive the sound as more intense and a little sooner than the other. Then the auditory system detects the disparity and deduces where the sound came from.

Question 63

Sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals

Answer 63

Nociceptors:

Question 64

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

Answer 64

Gate-Control Theory

Question 65

A system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

Answer 65

Kinesthesia

Question 66

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

Answer 66

Vestibular Sense

Question 67

Three small, fluid-filled tubes in your inner ear that help you keep your balance

Answer 67

Semicircular Canals

Question 68

The principle that one sense may influence another

Answer 68

Sensory Interaction

Question 69

If you see someone saying one syllable and hear a different one, you may perceive a mix of the two

Answer 69

McGurk Effect

Question 70

The influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

Answer 70

Embodied Cognition

Question 71

What are the 5 taste senses?

Answer 71

Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, Umami.

Question 72

What are the 4 skin senses that make up touch?

Answer 72

Pressure, Warmth, Cold, and Pain.

Question 73

How is someone tickled?

Answer 73

Stroking adjacent pressure spots will create a tickle, however, a self-initiated tickle produces less somatosensory cortex activation than that from an unexpected stimulus.

Question 74

How can the Placebo effect affect pain?

Answer 74

Being given fake, pain-killing chemicals can cause the brain to dispense real ones.