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Physcology > chapter test > Flashcards

chapter test Flashcards

1
Q

the process by which our sensory receptor and nervous system receive and represent stimulus

A

sensation

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2
Q

the process of organising and interpreting sensory information

A

perception

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3
Q

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing

A

bottom-up processing

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4
Q

analysis guided by higher-level mental processes

A

top down processing

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5
Q

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particualar stimulus

A

selective attention

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6
Q

when one has intense and targeted attention toward a specific task, becomes creative and productive, and often loses track of time

A

flow experience

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7
Q

falling to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

inattentional blindness

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8
Q

falling to notice changes in the envirronment

A

change blindness

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9
Q

conversion of one form of energy into another (in sensation, changing stimulus energy into neural impulses that our brain can interpret)

A

transduction

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10
Q

the minimum stimualtion needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

A

absolute threshold

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11
Q

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation

A

signal detection theory

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12
Q

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

A

subliminal

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13
Q

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

A

priming

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14
Q

the principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

A

Weber’s law

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15
Q

a diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

sensory adaptation

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16
Q

a mental predisposition to percieve on thing and not another

A

perceptual set

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17
Q

a given stimulus may trigger radically different perception, often due to one’s context

A

context effect

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18
Q

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokineses

A

parapsychology

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19
Q

mind to mind communication

A

telepathy

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20
Q

percieving remote events, such as something occuring in another state

A

clairvoyance

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21
Q

perceiving future events, such as unexpected death

A

precognition

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22
Q

a psychic ability allowing a person to influence a physcvial system through non physical means

A

psychokinesis

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23
Q

The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

A

wavelength`

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24
Q

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

A

hue

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25
Q

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave

A

intensity

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26
Q

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye, through which light enters

A

pupil

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27
Q

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye and controls the size of the pupil opening

A

iris

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28
Q

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

A

lens

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29
Q

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, contains rods and cones

A

retina

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30
Q

When the eye’s lens changes shape to focus images on the retina

A

accommodation

31
Q

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, necessary for peripheral vision

A

rods

32
Q

Retinal receptors that detect fine detail and color sensations

A

cones

33
Q

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

optic nerve

34
Q

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and no receptor cells are present

A

blind spot

35
Q

The central focal point in the retina, where the cones cluster

A

fovea

36
Q

Receptor rods and cones, Bipolar Cells, Ganglion Cells, Optic Nerve, Thalamus, and Visual Cortex

A

order of the flow of light

37
Q

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

A

feature detector

38
Q

Teams of cells that respond to complex patterns

A

Supercell Clusters:

39
Q

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

A

parallel Processing:

40
Q

The theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors (Red, Green, and Blue)

A

young-helmholts theory

41
Q

The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision

A

oppoinent-process theory

42
Q

The principle that people instinctively perceive objects as either in the background or the foreground

A

figure-ground

43
Q

The principle is that when things appear similar, people group them together

A

Similarity/Grouping

44
Q

The principle that when thing figures are nearby, people group them together

A

proximity

45
Q

The principle that people tend to perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones

A

Continuity:

46
Q

The principle that people tend to fill in gaps in order to create a complete, whole object

A

closure

47
Q

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images are two dimensional

A

depth perception

48
Q

The experiment showed that mobile infants had already developed a fear of falling and heights

A

visual cliff experiment

49
Q

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

A

monocular cues

50
Q

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

A

binocular cues

51
Q

By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance (a binocular cue for perceiving depth

A

retinal disparity

52
Q

The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

A

perceptual adaption

53
Q

Can distinguish between figure and ground, color, and brightness. However, they could not recognize objects or distinguish shapes.

A

People who were born blind and had their sight restored

54
Q

the sense or act of hearing

A

audition

55
Q

The relative strength of sound waves, which we perceive as loudness or volume

A

amplitude

56
Q

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

A

frequency

57
Q

A tone’s experienced highness or lowness, dependent on the frequency

A

pitch

58
Q

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear

A

cochlea

59
Q

The main mechanical component of the inner ear, it contains tiny hairs that act as sound receptors, and provides information about the frequency

A

basilar membrane

60
Q

The theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

A

place theory

61
Q

The theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone

A

frequency theory

62
Q

How do we locate sounds?

A

One of the ears will receive the sound as more intense and a little sooner than the other. Then the auditory system detects the disparity and deduces where the sound came from.

63
Q

Sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals

A

Nociceptors:

64
Q

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

A

Gate-Control Theory

65
Q

A system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

A

Kinesthesia

66
Q

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

A

Vestibular Sense

67
Q

Three small, fluid-filled tubes in your inner ear that help you keep your balance

A

Semicircular Canals

68
Q

The principle that one sense may influence another

A

Sensory Interaction

69
Q

If you see someone saying one syllable and hear a different one, you may perceive a mix of the two

A

McGurk Effect

70
Q

The influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

A

Embodied Cognition

71
Q

What are the 5 taste senses?

A

Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, Umami.

72
Q

What are the 4 skin senses that make up touch?

A

Pressure, Warmth, Cold, and Pain.

73
Q

How is someone tickled?

A

Stroking adjacent pressure spots will create a tickle, however, a self-initiated tickle produces less somatosensory cortex activation than that from an unexpected stimulus.

74
Q

How can the Placebo effect affect pain?

A

Being given fake, pain-killing chemicals can cause the brain to dispense real ones.

Physcology (12 decks)

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