Chapter Ten: Within-Subjects Design

Question 1

Attrition

Answer 1

The differential dropping out of participants from a study; also known as mortality

Question 2

Baseline Measurement

Answer 2

The initial assessment of a participant at the onset of a study, prior to any intervention or treatment

Question 3

Behavioural Diary

Answer 3

A self-report data collection strategy where individuals record their behaviours and associated feelings as they occur

Question 4

Carryover effect

Answer 4

Exposure to earlier experimental conditions influencing responses to subsequent conditions

Question 5

Counterbalancing

Answer 5

Identifying and using all potential treatment sequences in a within-subjects design

Question 6

Dependent Means T-Test

Answer 6

A statistic used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between two related sets of scores; also known as a dependent means t-test or a paired-samples t-test

Question 7

Fatigue Effect

Answer 7

Deterioration in quality of measurements due to participants becoming tired, less attentive, or careless during the course of the study

Question 8

History

Answer 8

A threat to the internal validity of a study due to an external event potentially influencing participants’ behaviour during the study

Question 9

Instrumentation Problem

Answer 9

In terms of threats to internal validity, a change in how a variable is measured or administered during the course of a study

Question 10

Latin Square Design

Answer 10

A counterbalancing strategy where each experimental condition appears at every position in the sequence order equally often

Question 11

Maturation

Answer 11

A threat to the internal validity of a study stemming from either long-term or short-term physiological changes occurring naturally within the participants that may influence the dependent variable

Question 12

Order Effect

Answer 12

A threat to the internal validity in a within-subjects design resulting from influence that the sequence of experimental conditions can have on the dependent variable

Question 13

Practice Effect

Answer 13

Changes in a participant’s responses or behaviour due to increased experience with the measurement instrument, not the variable under investigation

Question 14

Pretest-Posttest Design

Answer 14

A within-subjects design where participants are measured before and after exposure to a treatment or intervention

Question 15

Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance (Repeated-Measures ANOVA)

Answer 15

A statistic used to test a hypothesis from a within-subjects design with three or more conditions

Question 16

Repeated-Measures Design

Answer 16

A within-subjects design where participants are exposed to each level of the independent variable and are measured on the dependent variable after each level; unlike the pretest-posttest design, there is no baseline measurement

Question 17

Research Participant Pool

Answer 17

A list of students maintained by a psychology department who will receive credit in their psychology class if they participate in a research study

Question 18

Sensitization Effect

Answer 18

Continued exposure to experimental conditions in a within-subjects study increasing the likelihood of hypothesis-guessing, potentially influencing participants’ responses in later experimental conditions

Question 19

Testing Effect

Answer 19

A threat to the internal validity of a study where participants’ scores may change on subsequent measurements simply because of their increased familiarity with the instrument