Chapter Ten

Question 1

Astroturf movement

Answer 1

a political movement that resembles a grassroots movement but is often supported or facilitated by wealthy interests and/or elites

Question 2

Association

Answer 2

groups of companies or institution that organize around a common set of concerns, often within a given industry or trade

Question 3

Citizens United

Answer 3

Citizens united v Federal Election Commission was 2010 Supreme court case that granted corporations and unions the right to spend unlimited amounts of money on elections

Question 4

collective good

Answer 4

a good such as public safety or clean air, often produced by government, that is generally available to the populations as a whole

Question 5

contract lobbyist

Answer 5

a lobbyist who works for a contract lobbying firm that represents clients before government

Question 6

disturbance theory

Answer 6

the theory that an external event can lead to interest group mobilization

Question 7

efficacy

Answer 7

the belief that you make a difference and that government cares about you and your views

Question 8

Elite critique

Answer 8

the proposition that wealthy and elite interests are advantaged over those without resources

Question 9

fragmentation

Answer 9

the result when a large interest group develops diverging needs

Question 10

free rider problem

Answer 10

the situation that occurs when some individuals receive benefits(get a free ride) without helping to bear the cost

Question 11

grassroots movement

Answer 11

a political movement that often begins from the bottom up, inspired by average citizens concerned about a given issue

Question 12

in-house lobbyist

Answer 12

an employee or executive within an organization who works as a lobbyist on behalf of the organization

Question 13

inside lobbying

Answer 13

the act of contacting and taking the organization’s message directly to lawmakers in an attempt to influence policy

Question 14

iron triangle

Answer 14

three-way relationship among congressional committees, interests groups, and the bureaucracy

Question 15

issue network

Answer 15

a group of interest groups and people who work together to support a particular issue or policy

Question 16

legislative liaison

Answer 16

a person employed by a governmental entity such as a local government, executive department, or university to represent the organization before the legislature

Question 17

lobbyist

Answer 17

a person who represents an organization before government in an attempt to influence policy

Question 18

material incentives

Answer 18

substantive monetary or physical benefits given to group members to help overcome collective action problems

Question 19

membership organization

Answer 19

an interest group that usually consists of dues-paying members who organize around a particular cause or issue

Question 20

neopluralist

Answer 20

a person who suggests that all groups’ access and influence depend on the political environment

Question 21

outside lobbying

Answer 21

the act of lobbying indirectly by taking the organization’s message to the public, often through the use of the media and/or by issue press releases, in hopes that the public will then put pressure on lawmakers

Question 22

particularized benefit

Answer 22

a benefit that generally accrues to a narrow segment of society

Question 23

pluralist

Answer 23

a person who believes many groups healthily compete for access to decision-makers

Question 24

public interest group

Answer 24

an interest group that seeks a public good, which is something that accrues to all

Question 25

purposive incentives

Answer 25

benefits to overcome collective action problems that appeal to people’s support of the issue or cause

Question 26

revolving door laws

Answer 26

laws that require a cooling-off period before government officials can register to lobby after leaving office

Question 27

soft money

Answer 27

money that interests can spend on behalf of candidates without being restricted by federal law

Question 28

solidary incentives

Answer 28

benefits based on the concept that people like to associate with those who are similar to them

Question 29

voting cues

Answer 29

sources- including fellow lawmakers, constituents, and interest groups- that lawmakers often use to help them decide how to vote, especially on unfamiliar issues