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EMT > chapter six: the human body > Flashcards

chapter six: the human body Flashcards

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1
Q

abdomen

A

the body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion, it is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis

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2
Q

acetabulum

A

the depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly

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3
Q

adam’s apple

A

a firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx, it is more prominent in men than in women, also called thyroid cartilage

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4
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

the nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy

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5
Q

adrenal glands

A

endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

adrenergic

A

pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (such as adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine

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7
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

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8
Q

agonal gasps

A

abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest

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9
Q

alpha-adrenergic receptors

A

portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels

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10
Q

alveoli

A

the air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

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11
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

the metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid

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12
Q

anatomic position

A

the position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward

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13
Q

aorta

A

the main artery leaving the left side of the heat and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body

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14
Q

appendicular skeelton

A

the portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

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15
Q

appendix

A

a small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

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16
Q

arterioles

A

the smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries

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17
Q

articular cartilage

A

a pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints

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18
Q

atrium

A

one of the two upper chambers of the heart

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19
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily

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20
Q

axial skeleton

A

the part of the skeletons comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage

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21
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

a joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending

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22
Q

beta-adrenergic receptors

A

portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation

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23
Q

biceps

A

the large muscle that covers the front of the humerus

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24
Q

bile ducts

A

the ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine

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25
Q

blood pressure (BP)

A

the pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them

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26
Q

brachial artery

A

the major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm

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27
Q

brain

A

the controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment

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28
Q

brain stem

A

the area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration

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29
Q

capillary vessels

A

the tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood

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30
Q

cardiac muscle

A

the heart muscle

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31
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

a measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate

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32
Q

carotid artery

A

the major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain

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33
Q

cartilage

A

the smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear

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34
Q

cecum

A

the first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum operates

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35
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord

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36
Q

cerebellum

A

one of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements

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37
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

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38
Q

cerebrum

A

the largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter, made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality

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39
Q

cervical spine

A

the portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck

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40
Q

chordae tendineae

A

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

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41
Q

chyme

A

the substance that leaves the stomach, it is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids

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42
Q

circulatory system

A

the complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body

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43
Q

clavicle

A

the collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula

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44
Q

coccyx

A

the last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone

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45
Q

coronal plane

A

an imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts

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46
Q

cranium

A

the area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull, the cranium contains the brain

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47
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

a firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx

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48
Q

dead space

A

any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi

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49
Q

dermis

A

the inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels

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50
Q

diaphragm

A

a muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity, contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings airs into the lungs, relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs

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51
Q

diastole

A

the relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles

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52
Q

diffusion

A

movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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53
Q

digestion

A

the processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body

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54
Q

dorsalis pedis artery

A

the artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals

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55
Q

endocrine system

A

the complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones

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56
Q

enzymes

A

substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions

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57
Q

epidermis

A

the outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body

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58
Q

epiglottis

A

a thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering

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59
Q

epinephrine

A

a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system

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60
Q

esophagus

A

a collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach

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61
Q

expiratory reverse volume

A

the amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL in the average adult man

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62
Q

extension

A

the straightening of a joint

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63
Q

fallopian tubes

A

long, slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus

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64
Q

femoral artery

A

the major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery, it supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs, can be palpated in the groin area

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65
Q

femoral head

A

the proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint

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66
Q

femur

A

the thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

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67
Q

flexion

A

the bending of a joint

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68
Q

foramen magnum

A

a large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord

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69
Q

frontal bone

A

the portion of the cranium that forms the forehead

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70
Q

gallbladder

A

a sac on the undersurface of the live that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct

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71
Q

genital system

A

the reproductive system in men and women

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72
Q

germinal layer

A

the deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed

73
Q

greater trochanter

A

a bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint

74
Q

hair follicles

A

the small organs that produce hair

75
Q

heart

A

a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

76
Q

heart rate (HR)

A

the number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 min)

77
Q

hinge joints

A

joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane

78
Q

hormones

A

substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature

79
Q

humerus

A

the supporting bone of the upper arm

80
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure of water against the walls of its container

81
Q

hypoxic drive

A

a “backup system” to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood

82
Q

ilium

A

one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

83
Q

inferior vena cava

A

one of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart

84
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume

85
Q

interstitial space

A

the space in between the cells

86
Q

involuntary muscle

A

the muscle over which a person has no conscious control, it is found in many automatic regulating system of the body

87
Q

ischium

A

one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

88
Q

joint (articulation)

A

the place where two bones come into contact

89
Q

joint capsule

A

the fibrous sac that encloses a joint

90
Q

kidneys

A

two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content

91
Q

labored breathing

A

the use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired

92
Q

lactic acid

A

a metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism)

93
Q

large intestine

A

the portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum, helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste

94
Q

lesser trochanter

A

the projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur

95
Q

ligament

A

a band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones, supports and strengthens a joint

96
Q

liver

A

a large solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses

97
Q

lumbar spine

A

the lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine

98
Q

lymph

A

a thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted

99
Q

lymph nodes

A

tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph

100
Q

mandible

A

the bone of the lower jaw

101
Q

manubrium

A

the upper quarter of the sternum

102
Q

maxillae

A

the upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth

103
Q

medulla oblongata

A

nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing

104
Q

metabolism (cellular respiration)

A

the biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells

105
Q

midbrain

A

the part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness

106
Q

midsagittal plane (midline)

A

an imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves

107
Q

minute volume

A

the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculate by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation

108
Q

motor nerves

A

nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

109
Q

mucous membranes

A

the lining of the body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body

110
Q

mucus

A

the watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings

111
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

the bones and voluntary muscles of the body

112
Q

myocardium

A

the heart muscle

113
Q

nasopharynx

A

the part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate

114
Q

nervous system

A

the system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary

115
Q

norepinephrine

A

a neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties

116
Q

occiput

A

the most posterior portion of the cranium

117
Q

oncotic pressure

A

the pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of the plasma proteins

118
Q

orbit

A

the eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma

119
Q

oropharynx

A

a tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

120
Q

ovaries

A

female glands that produce sex hormones and ova (eggs)

121
Q

pancreas

A

a flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin

122
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine

123
Q

parietal bones

A

the bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium

124
Q

patella

A

the knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle

125
Q

pathophysiology

A

the study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease

126
Q

perfusion

A

the circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells’ current needs

127
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves

128
Q

peristalsis

A

the wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents

129
Q

plasma

A

a sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion

130
Q

platelets

A

tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding

131
Q

pleura

A

the serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space

132
Q

pleural space

A

the potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as “potential” because under normal conditions, the space does not exist

133
Q

pons

A

an organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center

134
Q

posterior tibial artery

A

the artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot

135
Q

prostate gland

A

a small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid

136
Q

pubic symphysis

A

a hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion

137
Q

pubis

A

one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

138
Q

pulmonary artery

A

the major artery leading from the right ventricles of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen-poor blood

139
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

the flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation

140
Q

pulmonary veins

A

the four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

141
Q

pulse

A

the wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries

142
Q

radial artery

A

the major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side

143
Q

radius

A

the bone on the thumb side of the forearm

144
Q

rectum

A

the lowermost end of the colon

145
Q

red blood cells

A

cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues; also called erythrocytes

146
Q

renal pelvis

A

a cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder

147
Q

residual volume

A

the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

148
Q

respiration

A

the inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air

149
Q

respiratory compromise

A

the inability of the body to move gas effectively

150
Q

respiratory system

A

all the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts

151
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

located in the upper brainstem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one’s level of arousal

152
Q

retroperitoneal

A

behind the abdominal cavity

153
Q

sacroiliac joint

A

the connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column

154
Q

sacrum

A

one of the three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae

155
Q

sagittal (lateral) plane

A

an imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts

156
Q

salivary glands

A

the glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist

157
Q

scalp

A

the thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair

158
Q

scapula

A

the shoulder blade

159
Q

sebaceous glands

A

glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs

160
Q

semen

A

fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm

161
Q

seminal vesicles

A

storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate

162
Q

sensory nerves

A

the nerves that carry sensations such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold, and pain from the body to the central nervous system

163
Q

shock

A

a condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion

164
Q

skeletal muscle

A

muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle

165
Q

skeletal system

A

the framework of the body, composed of bones and other connective tissues, that supports and protects internal organs and other body tissues

166
Q

small intestine

A

the portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

167
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity

168
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control

169
Q

sphincters

A

muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes, examples are found within rectum, bladder, and blood vessels

170
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

a device used to measure blood pressure

171
Q

spinal cord

A

an extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body, it lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal

172
Q

sternum

A

the breast bone

173
Q

stratum corneum

A

the outermost or dead layer of the skin

174
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

the volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction

175
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body

176
Q

superior vena cava

A

one of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart

177
Q

sweat glands

A

the glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin

178
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the adrenergic part of the autonomic peripheral nervous system responsible for the fight-or-flight response

EMT (8 decks)

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