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Biology > Chapter Six: Classification - Vertebrates > Flashcards

Chapter Six: Classification - Vertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Skeleton of an Echinoderm

A
  • calcium plate
  • protruding spines
  • pedicelleriae around base of each spine, keeps body surface free of debris
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2
Q

Types of Echinoderms (5)

A
  1. Sea lilies
  2. Sea cucumbers
  3. Brittle stars
  4. Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars
  5. Sea Stars
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3
Q

Echinoderm Locomotion

A

Tube feet (water vascular system)

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4
Q

Echinoderm Digestion

A
  • filter feeders
  • enters bivalve in tube feet, throught the cardiac stomach, where it releases enzymes, and digestion is completed in the pyloric stomach
  • short intestine, anus on upper surface
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5
Q

Water Vascular System

A
  • network of water filled canals

- water enters anal side, circulates throughout each arm, pumped to each tube foot; creating suction

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6
Q

Echinoderm symmetry

A

Radial

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7
Q

Echinoderm Nervous System

A
  • central nerve ring branches off in each arm

- eyespot at tip of each arm

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8
Q

Echinoderm Reproduction

A
  • separate sexes
  • sexual and asexual
  • gonads produce gametes, dipleura larva produced
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9
Q

Developments of Echinoderms from Larva to Adult

A
  • metamorphosis
  • bilateral free swimming larva
  • sissile/sedentary adult
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10
Q

Four Structures Found in All Chordates

A
  1. Notochord: dorsal rod for support
  2. Dorsal tubular nerve chord: contains a canal filled with fluid, protected by the spinal column
  3. Pharyngeal pouches: become gills in invertebrates and sensory organs in vertebrates
  4. Post-anal tail
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11
Q

Bone vs Cartilage

A

-bone more structural and rigid; cartilage more flexible and sensitive, acts as a shock absorber

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12
Q

Tunicate Digestion

A

Filter feeders.

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13
Q

Why are Tunicates Considered Chordates?

A

Larva displays all four chordate characteristics, adults only have a pharynx and gill slits

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14
Q

Structure of a Tunicate (3)

A
  • outer tunic (TUNICate)
  • two siphons which squirt water
  • sac-like
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15
Q

Chordate Characteristics of an Adult Lancelet

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Dorsal tubular nerve chord - branches
  3. Pharynx
  4. Tail
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16
Q

Five Distinguishing Features of Vertebrates

A
  1. Living endoskeleton or cartilage or bone
  2. Closed circulatory system with pumping heart
  3. Paired appendages
  4. Efficient respiration and excretion of water
  5. High degree of cephalization with well-developed sense organs
17
Q

Three Groups of Fish

A
  1. Cartilaginous
  2. Jawless
  3. Bony
18
Q

Evolution of Fish Jaws

A
  • evolved from first pair of gill arches

- second pair form structural support for jaws, allow for predatory way of life

19
Q

Adaptation of Fish for Life in Water

A
  • sperm and eggs released into water

- zygote develops into swimming larval form

20
Q

Method of Feeding for Jawless Fish

A
  • scavengers (hagfish)

- parasitic (lampreys) - mouth forms sucker, attaches to other fish and water moves directly in and out of gills

21
Q

Method of Feeding for Cartilaginous Fish

A
  • predators: senses electrical currents in water
  • lateral line system allows them to sense ocean currents caused by prey
  • excellent sense of smell
22
Q

Locomotion of Bony Fish (4)

A
  • ray-finned; paired fins supported by bony rays
  • swim bladder (buoyancy organ)
  • streamlined body shape
  • skin covered by bony epidermal scales
23
Q

Circulation and Respiration of Bony Fish

A
  • water enters through gills, exits through mouth. Pumped by operculum
  • lobed-finned fish had lungs
24
Q

Circulatory System of Amphibians

A
  • 3-chambered heart: 2 atria and a ventricle, blood mixes with ventricle
  • L oxygenated, R deoxygenated
  • ectothermic
25
Q

Metamorphic Cycle of Amphibians

A
  • larva stages in water
  • adult on land
  • reproduction in water
26
Q

Locomotion of Amphibians

A
  • tetrapods

- jointed appendages

27
Q

Key Features of Reptiles (6)

A
  • 3-chambered heart: incomplete division of ventricles
  • amniotic egg
  • tetrapods
  • ectothermic
  • well-developed sense organs
  • theorized ancestors of birds: “feathered reptiles”
28
Q

Adaptations of Birds for Flight (5)

A
  1. 4-chambered heart
  2. endothermic
  3. system of air sacs and respiratory tract
  4. forelimbs modified as wings for flight
  5. well-developed nervous system and sense organs
29
Q

Other Key Features of Birds

A
  • amniote egg

- ritualized courtship, young require parental care

30
Q

Lobe Fin

A

-adaptation of fleshy appendage for locomotion on land

31
Q

Three Features that Aid in Classification of Birds

A
  1. Beak and foot type
  2. Habitat
  3. Behaviour
32
Q

Four General Characteristics of Mammals

A
  1. Hair
  2. Mammary Glands
  3. Endothermic
  4. Efficient Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
33
Q

Circulation of Mammals

A
  • endothermic
  • hair provides insulation
  • 4-chambered heart
  • two separate systems for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
34
Q

Reproduction of Mammals

A
  • mammary glands (allow care for young without having to leave them)
  • internal development
35
Q

Three Groups of Mammals

A
  1. Monotremes: cloaca and common urogential opening; lays eggs
  2. Marsupials: development begins internally, born prematurely and completed in a pouch
  3. Placentals: Extraembryonic membranes
36
Q

How are Mammals Adapted for Life on Land? (6)

A
  1. Well-developed brain and sense organs
  2. Limbs that allow rapid movement
  3. Expanding lungs; rib cage and diaphragm
  4. Endothermic
  5. Hair insulates body
  6. 4-chambered heart

Biology (8 decks)

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