Chapter Six: Classification - Vertebrates Flashcards
Skeleton of an Echinoderm
- calcium plate
- protruding spines
- pedicelleriae around base of each spine, keeps body surface free of debris
Types of Echinoderms (5)
- Sea lilies
- Sea cucumbers
- Brittle stars
- Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars
- Sea Stars
Echinoderm Locomotion
Tube feet (water vascular system)
Echinoderm Digestion
- filter feeders
- enters bivalve in tube feet, throught the cardiac stomach, where it releases enzymes, and digestion is completed in the pyloric stomach
- short intestine, anus on upper surface
Water Vascular System
- network of water filled canals
- water enters anal side, circulates throughout each arm, pumped to each tube foot; creating suction
Echinoderm symmetry
Radial
Echinoderm Nervous System
- central nerve ring branches off in each arm
- eyespot at tip of each arm
Echinoderm Reproduction
- separate sexes
- sexual and asexual
- gonads produce gametes, dipleura larva produced
Developments of Echinoderms from Larva to Adult
- metamorphosis
- bilateral free swimming larva
- sissile/sedentary adult
Four Structures Found in All Chordates
- Notochord: dorsal rod for support
- Dorsal tubular nerve chord: contains a canal filled with fluid, protected by the spinal column
- Pharyngeal pouches: become gills in invertebrates and sensory organs in vertebrates
- Post-anal tail
Bone vs Cartilage
-bone more structural and rigid; cartilage more flexible and sensitive, acts as a shock absorber
Tunicate Digestion
Filter feeders.
Why are Tunicates Considered Chordates?
Larva displays all four chordate characteristics, adults only have a pharynx and gill slits
Structure of a Tunicate (3)
- outer tunic (TUNICate)
- two siphons which squirt water
- sac-like
Chordate Characteristics of an Adult Lancelet
- Notochord
- Dorsal tubular nerve chord - branches
- Pharynx
- Tail
Five Distinguishing Features of Vertebrates
- Living endoskeleton or cartilage or bone
- Closed circulatory system with pumping heart
- Paired appendages
- Efficient respiration and excretion of water
- High degree of cephalization with well-developed sense organs
Three Groups of Fish
- Cartilaginous
- Jawless
- Bony
Evolution of Fish Jaws
- evolved from first pair of gill arches
- second pair form structural support for jaws, allow for predatory way of life
Adaptation of Fish for Life in Water
- sperm and eggs released into water
- zygote develops into swimming larval form
Method of Feeding for Jawless Fish
- scavengers (hagfish)
- parasitic (lampreys) - mouth forms sucker, attaches to other fish and water moves directly in and out of gills
Method of Feeding for Cartilaginous Fish
- predators: senses electrical currents in water
- lateral line system allows them to sense ocean currents caused by prey
- excellent sense of smell
Locomotion of Bony Fish (4)
- ray-finned; paired fins supported by bony rays
- swim bladder (buoyancy organ)
- streamlined body shape
- skin covered by bony epidermal scales
Circulation and Respiration of Bony Fish
- water enters through gills, exits through mouth. Pumped by operculum
- lobed-finned fish had lungs
Circulatory System of Amphibians
- 3-chambered heart: 2 atria and a ventricle, blood mixes with ventricle
- L oxygenated, R deoxygenated
- ectothermic
Metamorphic Cycle of Amphibians
- larva stages in water
- adult on land
- reproduction in water
Locomotion of Amphibians
- tetrapods
- jointed appendages
Key Features of Reptiles (6)
- 3-chambered heart: incomplete division of ventricles
- amniotic egg
- tetrapods
- ectothermic
- well-developed sense organs
- theorized ancestors of birds: “feathered reptiles”
Adaptations of Birds for Flight (5)
- 4-chambered heart
- endothermic
- system of air sacs and respiratory tract
- forelimbs modified as wings for flight
- well-developed nervous system and sense organs
Other Key Features of Birds
- amniote egg
- ritualized courtship, young require parental care
Lobe Fin
-adaptation of fleshy appendage for locomotion on land
Three Features that Aid in Classification of Birds
- Beak and foot type
- Habitat
- Behaviour
Four General Characteristics of Mammals
- Hair
- Mammary Glands
- Endothermic
- Efficient Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Circulation of Mammals
- endothermic
- hair provides insulation
- 4-chambered heart
- two separate systems for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Reproduction of Mammals
- mammary glands (allow care for young without having to leave them)
- internal development
Three Groups of Mammals
- Monotremes: cloaca and common urogential opening; lays eggs
- Marsupials: development begins internally, born prematurely and completed in a pouch
- Placentals: Extraembryonic membranes
How are Mammals Adapted for Life on Land? (6)
- Well-developed brain and sense organs
- Limbs that allow rapid movement
- Expanding lungs; rib cage and diaphragm
- Endothermic
- Hair insulates body
- 4-chambered heart
