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Biology > Chapter One: Cell Division > Flashcards

Chapter One: Cell Division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Theory

A

All cells are derived from pre-existing cells.

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

Large, tightly coiled DNA molecules

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3
Q

Histone

A

Proteins that pack the DNA in tight coils during cell division

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4
Q

Kinetochore proteins

A

Bind to centromere and attach chromosomes to spindle fibres.

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5
Q

Centromere

A

Hold duplicated chromosomes together before separating in mitosis

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6
Q

Telomere

A

The ends of chromosomes which are important in aging.

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7
Q

Stages of the Cell Cycle (3)

A
  1. G1: Cells mature and increase in size by making cytoplasm and organelles
  2. S: Synthesis phase; DNA is replicated
  3. G2: growth phase; cells makes structures needed to divide
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8
Q

Binary Fission

A

Process of division from a parent cell to two identical daughter cells in prokaryotes.

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9
Q

Mitosis: Prophase

A
  • Chromatids attach by centromere
  • Centrioles (animal cells) and microtubules (plant cells) move to opposite ends of the cells
  • Kinetochore fibers attach to centromere
  • Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disintegrate
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10
Q

Mitosis: Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along equator the cell attached to the kinetochore fibres

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11
Q

Mitosis: Anaphase

A
  • kinetochore fibres attached to centromere pull sister chromatids apart
  • chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
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12
Q

Mitosis: Telophase

A
  • nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes
  • Nucleolus reforms
  • chromosomes less tightly coiled, appear as chromatin
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13
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm and it’s organelles separate into two new daughter cells

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14
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

In animal cells; a groove that forms in between the two new cells in cytokinesis

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15
Q

Cell Plate

A

In plant cells; a plate that forms in the middle of the cell where the new cell wall will be in cytokinesis.

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16
Q

Meiosis l: Prophase

A
  • chromosomes coil tightly, nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate
  • synapsis of homologous chromosomes occur, making tetrads
  • Chromosomes in tetrad exchange fragments by crossing over
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17
Q

Meiosis I: Metaphase

A

Tetrads become aligned in the center of the cell wall attached to spindle fibres

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18
Q

Meiosis l: Anaphase

A

-homologous chromosomes seperate

19
Q

Meiosis l: Telophase

A

Females: 2nd cell in females is called the 1st polar body. 1st polar body dies due to uneven splitting of the cytoplasm

20
Q

Meiosis ll

A
  • Mostly a mitotic division
  • differences are independent assortment, DNA is not copied in between Meiosis l & ll, and in males 4 cells are produced called spermatids
21
Q

Meiosis l vs ll

A
  • 1st division separates the homologous chromosomes in two intermediate cells
  • 2nd division mitotic
22
Q

Cell Theory

A

All cells are derived from pre-existing cells.

23
Q

Chromosome

A

Large, tightly coiled DNA molecules

24
Q

Histone

A

Proteins that pack the DNA in tight coils during cell division

25
Q

Centromere

A

Hold duplicated chromosomes together before separating in mitosis

26
Q

Telomere

A

The ends of chromosomes which are important in aging.

27
Q

Stages of the Cell Cycle (3)

A
  1. G1: Cells mature and increase in size by making cytoplasm and organelles
  2. S: Synthesis phase; DNA is replicated
  3. G2: growth phase; cells makes structures needed to divide
28
Q

Binary Fission

A

Process of division from a parent cell to two identical daughter cells in prokaryotes.

29
Q

Mitosis: Prophase

A
  • Chromatids attach by centromere
  • Centrioles (animal cells) and microtubules (plant cells) move to opposite ends of the cells
  • Kinetochore fibers attach to centromere
  • Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disintegrate
30
Q

Mitosis: Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along equator the cell attached to the kinetochore fibres

31
Q

Mitosis: Anaphase

A
  • kinetochore fibres attached to centromere pull sister chromatids apart
  • chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
32
Q

Mitosis: Telophase

A
  • nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes
  • Nucleolus reforms
  • chromosomes less tightly coiled, appear as chromatin
33
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm and it’s organelles separate into two new daughter cells

34
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

In animal cells; a groove that forms in between the two new cells in cytokinesis

35
Q

Cell Plate

A

In plant cells; a plate that forms in the middle of the cell where the new cell wall will be in cytokinesis.

36
Q

Meiosis l: Prophase

A
  • chromosomes coil tightly, nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate
  • synapsis of homologous chromosomes occur, making tetrads
  • Chromosomes in tetrad exchange fragments by crossing over
37
Q

Meiosis I: Metaphase

A

Tetrads become aligned in the center of the cell wall attached to spindle fibres

38
Q

Meiosis l: Anaphase

A

-homologous chromosomes seperate

39
Q

Meiosis l: Telophase

A

Females: 2nd cell in females is called the 1st polar body. 1st polar body dies due to uneven splitting of the cytoplasm

40
Q

Meiosis ll

A
  • Mostly a mitotic division
  • differences are independent assortment, DNA is not copied in between Meiosis l & ll, and in males 4 cells are produced called spermatids
41
Q

Haploid

A

1N, cell with single set of chromosomes. Gametes are haploid cells until joining together.

42
Q

Diploid

A

2N, cells that have two sets of chromosomes

43
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death of cells that are either not needed, or will cause damage to the organism

Biology (8 decks)

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