Chapter Seven: Psychology

Question 1

What were the main ideas and beliefs of psychologist Sigmund Freud?

Answer 1

• First to study ‘hidden area of the mind’ and coined it the unconscious
• Coined the terms id, ego, and superego
• Personality development occurred during early years of childhood
• Developmental stages are psychosexual in nature

Question 2

Which psychologist supported the Oedipal complex? What is it?

Answer 2

Sigmund Freud
Believed that boys went through a complex of loving their mothers and desiring them sexually, while feeling threatened by and fearful of their fathers

Question 3

Describe the stages of Freud’s psychosexual development theory

Answer 3

All stages seek pleasure through the stimulation of erogenous zones of the body.
- infant, oral stage, pleasure is sought through sucking, chewing, and biting
- 18 months to 3 years, anal stage, control over bladder and bowel movement controls the id
- 3 to 6 years, phallic stage, id focused on the genital area of the body and developed sexual desires

Question 4

What were the main ideas and beliefs of psychologist Jean Piaget?

Answer 4

• founder of cognitive psychology
• development of children and their motor function
• believes motor activity stimulates mental development

Question 5

What is cognitive psychology?

Answer 5

The study of thinking, logical reasoning and the ability of the human mind to understand abstract and symbolic ideas

Question 6

Describe and list an age group for the following developmental stage:

Sensorimotor

Answer 6

Birth to 2 years old
Children learn about the world through their senses and motor skills

Question 7

Describe and list an age group for the following developmental stage:

Preoperational

Answer 7

2-6 years old
Children begin to think symbolically and form language skills; they pretend and fantasize during play; thinking is self-centered

Question 8

Describe and list an age group for the following developmental stage:

Concrete operations

Answer 8

7-11 years old
Children perceive difference and begin to reason; they can classify and attend to multiple situations

Question 9

Describe and list an age group for the following developmental stage:

Formal operations

Answer 9

12-adulthood
children and adults can grasp abstract concepts, more formal notion of time, and long-term goal setting develops; learning takes place by relating new material to post material

Question 10

What branch of psychology did Erik Erikson focus on?

Answer 10

social psychology

Question 11

For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:

Infancy up to 1 year

Answer 11

Issues: trust vs mistrust
Tasks: if basic needs are met, the child will learn to trust

Question 12

For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:

Toddler, 1-2 years old

Answer 12

Issue: Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Tasks: Child learns to exercise free will and accomplish tasks or doubt his abilities

Question 13

For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:

Preschool 3-5 years

Answer 13

Issue: Initiative vs guilt
Tasks: child learns to initiate activities and plans or feels guilty about his inabilities

Question 14

For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:

Elementary (6 years up to puberty)

Answer 14

Issues: competence vs inferiority
Tasks: Child gains pleasure from accomplishments or he feels inferior

Question 15

For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:

Adolescence (teens into early 20s)

Answer 15

Issues: identity vs role confusion
Tasks: Teens refine their identities and try different roles or they lose their sense of who they are and what they will become

Question 16

For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:

Young adults ( 20s to early 40s)

Answer 16

Issues: intimacy vs isolation
Tasks: young adults seek to develop close and intimate social relationships or remain socially isolated

Question 17

For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:

Middle-Aged Adults (40s to 60s)

Answer 17

Issues: generativity vs stagnation
Trust: Adults develop a sense of well-being through contributions to work and family or they feel a lack of purpose

Question 17

For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:

Later adults (late 60s and beyond)

Answer 17

Issues: integrity vs despair
Trust: in reflection on their lives, seniors sense satisfaction or failure

Question 18

What are the 5 stages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? (bottom to top)

Answer 18

• psychological needs
  -safety and security
• love and belonging
• self- esteem
• self actualization

Question 19

What theory is Abraham Maslow most known for?

Answer 19

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Question 20

What were the main ideas and beliefs of psychologist Lawerence Kohlberg?

Answer 20

Focused on moral development in relation to age

Question 21

What are the three stages of moral development according to Kohlberg?

Answer 21

• pre conditional: young children behave based on awards and punishments
• conventional: right and wrong is determined by others and is approved behavior
• post conventional or principled: rights are apart of a greater social construct

Question 21

What are the 5 stages of grief according to Elisabeth Kubler Ross?

Answer 21

• denial
• anger
• bargaining
• depression
• acceptance

Question 22

Define the following defense mechanism:

Denial

Answer 22

refusal to accept something that may be painful and it often follows a traumatic event such as death in the family or diagnosis of cancer.

Question 23

Define the following defense mechanism:

Regression

Answer 23

is a means of retreating from unpleasant situations.

Question 24

Define the following defense mechanism:

Rationalization

Answer 24

is labeling as acceptable behavior that may not be healthy, in essence the individual is making excuses as a way to avoid guilt or embarrassment.

Question 25

Define the following defense mechanism:

Undoing

Answer 25

is meant to make amends for unacceptable behavior.

Question 26

Define the following defense mechanism:

sublimation

Answer 26

is a means of channeling something socially unacceptable into an acceptable form.

Question 27

Define the following defense mechanism:

Projection

Answer 27

is blaming others or attributing one’s own thoughts to others in order to avoid accepting accountability.

Question 28

Define the following defense mechanism:

Compensation

Answer 28

a person substitutes a strength for a weakness to avoid embarrassment or acknowledgement of deficiencies