Chapter Seven: Psychology Flashcards
What were the main ideas and beliefs of psychologist Sigmund Freud?
- First to study ‘hidden area of the mind’ and coined it the unconscious
- Coined the terms id, ego, and superego
- Personality development occurred during early years of childhood
- Developmental stages are psychosexual in nature
Which psychologist supported the Oedipal complex? What is it?
Sigmund Freud
Believed that boys went through a complex of loving their mothers and desiring them sexually, while feeling threatened by and fearful of their fathers
Describe the stages of Freud’s psychosexual development theory
All stages seek pleasure through the stimulation of erogenous zones of the body.
- infant, oral stage, pleasure is sought through sucking, chewing, and biting
- 18 months to 3 years, anal stage, control over bladder and bowel movement controls the id
- 3 to 6 years, phallic stage, id focused on the genital area of the body and developed sexual desires
What were the main ideas and beliefs of psychologist Jean Piaget?
- founder of cognitive psychology
- development of children and their motor function
- believes motor activity stimulates mental development
What is cognitive psychology?
The study of thinking, logical reasoning and the ability of the human mind to understand abstract and symbolic ideas
Describe and list an age group for the following developmental stage:
Sensorimotor
Birth to 2 years old
Children learn about the world through their senses and motor skills
Describe and list an age group for the following developmental stage:
Preoperational
2-6 years old
Children begin to think symbolically and form language skills; they pretend and fantasize during play; thinking is self-centered
Describe and list an age group for the following developmental stage:
Concrete operations
7-11 years old
Children perceive difference and begin to reason; they can classify and attend to multiple situations
Describe and list an age group for the following developmental stage:
Formal operations
12-adulthood
children and adults can grasp abstract concepts, more formal notion of time, and long-term goal setting develops; learning takes place by relating new material to post material
What branch of psychology did Erik Erikson focus on?
social psychology
For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:
Infancy up to 1 year
Issues: trust vs mistrust
Tasks: if basic needs are met, the child will learn to trust
For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:
Toddler, 1-2 years old
Issue: Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Tasks: Child learns to exercise free will and accomplish tasks or doubt his abilities
For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:
Preschool 3-5 years
Issue: Initiative vs guilt
Tasks: child learns to initiate activities and plans or feels guilty about his inabilities
For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:
Elementary (6 years up to puberty)
Issues: competence vs inferiority
Tasks: Child gains pleasure from accomplishments or he feels inferior
For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:
Adolescence (teens into early 20s)
Issues: identity vs role confusion
Tasks: Teens refine their identities and try different roles or they lose their sense of who they are and what they will become
For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:
Young adults ( 20s to early 40s)
Issues: intimacy vs isolation
Tasks: young adults seek to develop close and intimate social relationships or remain socially isolated
For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:
Middle-Aged Adults (40s to 60s)
Issues: generativity vs stagnation
Trust: Adults develop a sense of well-being through contributions to work and family or they feel a lack of purpose
For the following age group, name developmental issues and tasks associated with the stage according to Erikson’s research:
Later adults (late 60s and beyond)
Issues: integrity vs despair
Trust: in reflection on their lives, seniors sense satisfaction or failure
What are the 5 stages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? (bottom to top)
- psychological needs
-safety and security - love and belonging
- self- esteem
- self actualization
What theory is Abraham Maslow most known for?
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
What were the main ideas and beliefs of psychologist Lawerence Kohlberg?
Focused on moral development in relation to age
What are the three stages of moral development according to Kohlberg?
- pre conditional: young children behave based on awards and punishments
- conventional: right and wrong is determined by others and is approved behavior
- post conventional or principled: rights are apart of a greater social construct
What are the 5 stages of grief according to Elisabeth Kubler Ross?
- denial
- anger
- bargaining
- depression
- acceptance
Define the following defense mechanism:
Denial
refusal to accept something that may be painful and it often follows a traumatic event such as death in the family or diagnosis of cancer.
Define the following defense mechanism:
Regression
is a means of retreating from unpleasant situations.
Define the following defense mechanism:
Rationalization
is labeling as acceptable behavior that may not be healthy, in essence the individual is making excuses as a way to avoid guilt or embarrassment.
Define the following defense mechanism:
Undoing
is meant to make amends for unacceptable behavior.
Define the following defense mechanism:
sublimation
is a means of channeling something socially unacceptable into an acceptable form.
Define the following defense mechanism:
Projection
is blaming others or attributing one’s own thoughts to others in order to avoid accepting accountability.
Define the following defense mechanism:
Compensation
a person substitutes a strength for a weakness to avoid embarrassment or acknowledgement of deficiencies
