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Psych101: 8-Memory > Chapter Review > Flashcards

Chapter Review Flashcards

1
Q

The term “memory” refers to…

A
  • the capacity to retain and retrieve information

- also the structures that account for this capacity

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2
Q

Human memory is __________. People add, delete, and change elements.

A

-reconstructive

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3
Q

Define: source misattribution

A

-inability to distinguish information stored DURING an event from information added LATER

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4
Q

Even _____________, though emotionally powerful and vivid, are often embellished or change over time.

A

-flashbulb memories

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5
Q

Confabulation is…

A
  • confusion of imagined events with real events

- confusing an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you

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6
Q

Confabulation is likely under what circumstances?

A
  • one has thought, heard, or talked about the “imagined” event many times
  • the image of an event contains lots of details that make it feel real
  • the event is easy to imagine
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7
Q

Eyewitness testimony is especially vulnerable to error when…

A
  • the suspect’s ethnicity differs from the witness’s
  • when witnesses are exposed to misleading information
  • when witnesses are exposed to leading questions
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8
Q

Children can be suggestible when…

A
  • interviewers use leading questions or suggestive techniques, or pressure child to give a certain answer
  • children are affected by rumor and hearsay
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9
Q

In tests of ___________, or conscious recollection, _________ is usually better than ___________.

A
  • explicit memory
  • recognition
  • recall
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10
Q

In tests of __________, it is measured by indirect methods such as _________ and _________.

A
  • implicit memory
  • priming
  • relearning method
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11
Q

The __________________ model of memory involves _________, _________, and __________.

A
  • information-processing

- encoding, storage, retrieval

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12
Q

In the Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) model of memory, knowledge is represented as…

A

-connections among thousands of interacting processing units, all operating in parallel

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13
Q

The three-box model of memory consists of…

A
  • sensory register
  • short-term memory
  • long-term memory
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14
Q

Function: sensory register

A

-retains incoming sensory information for a second or two

1/2 second for visual, 2 seconds for auditory

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15
Q

Function: short-term memory (STM)

A
  • retains information from 30sec to a few minutes

- contains working memory

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16
Q

________ extends the capacity of STM

A

-chunking

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17
Q

Define: working memory

A
  • controls the retrieval of information from LTM

- its executive processes control attention, manipulation, and interpretation of information required for a task

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18
Q

Define: long-term memory (LTM)

A

-information organized as a network of interrelated concepts

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19
Q

Long-term memory is divided into…

A
  • declarative memories “knowing that”
    - semantic memories
    - episodic memories
  • procedural memories “knowing how”
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20
Q

Define: serial position effect

A

-tendency for strongest recall of the first and last items on a list

21
Q

What keeps information in STM longer, and increases chances of retention?

A

-rehearsal

22
Q

______ rehearsal is more likely to result in transfer to LTM than ________ rehearsal

A
  • elaborative rehearsal

- maintenance rehearsal

23
Q

_________ processing is usually more effective than _________ processing.

A
  • deep

- shallow

24
Q

What is more effective than passively reading material?

A
  • read, recite, review strategy

- retrieval practice

25
Q

What are strategies or tricks for improving memory?

A

-mnemonics

26
Q

In _______ memory, neurons temporaroly change in their ability to release neurotransmitters

A

-STM

27
Q

Explain: long-term potentiation

A

-dendrites grow and branch out, certain synapses increase in number, and some synaptic pathways become more excitable

28
Q

Long-term potentiation requires some time for completion, during which memories undergo __________

A

-consolidation

29
Q

_______ is involved in formation, consolidation, and retrieval of emotional or fearful memories

A

-amygdala

30
Q

The frontal lobes are involved in…

A
  • STM tasks

- working memory

31
Q

The hippocampus is critical for…

A

-formation of long-term declarative memories

32
Q

The cerebellum…

A

helps form and retain certain procedural memories

33
Q

The ultimate destinations of declarative memories lie in….

A

-parts of the cerebral cortex

34
Q

_________ released by the adrenal glands can enhance memory

A

-hormones

norepinephrine, epinephrine

35
Q

Extreme arousal often…

A

-impairs memory

36
Q

Define: decay theory

A

-a memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed

37
Q

The decay theory best applies to…

A

-STM

38
Q

What theory emphasizes the replacement of old memories by new memories?

A

-replacement

39
Q

Interference theory emphasizes…

A
  • retroactive interference

- proactive interference

40
Q

Cue-Dependent forgetting happens when…

A

-we lack proper retrieval cues

41
Q

When one’s physical or mental state acts as a retrieval cue, it is called…

A

-state-dependent memory

42
Q

Mood-congruent memory is….

A

-when one’s mood is consistent with the nature of the material one is trying to remember

43
Q

Amnesia usually occurs as a result of…

A
  • brain disease

- head injury

44
Q

What type of amnesia has psychological causes and involves a loss of personal identity?

A

-psychogenic amnesia

45
Q

Traumatic amnesia, which is highly controversial, involves…

A
  • burying of specific traumatic events for extended periods of time
  • originated from the psychodynamic explanation “repression”
46
Q

Critics argue that ____________ encourages false memories of victimization.

A

-therapists, unaware of the dangers of the power of suggestion and confabulation

47
Q

Childhood amnesia may be due to…

A
  • immaturity of brain parts involved in memory
  • cognitive factors: lack of self-concept, and limited linguistic skills necessary for forming cognitive schemas necessary for recall
  • lack of mastery of social conventions for reporting events to others
48
Q

A person’s ________ (life story) organizes remembered events and gives them meaning.

A

-narrative

49
Q

Adult memories can reveal as much about the _______ as they do about the _______.

A
  • present

- past

Psych101: 8-Memory (9 decks)

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