Chapter Review Flashcards
The term “memory” refers to…
- the capacity to retain and retrieve information
- also the structures that account for this capacity
Human memory is __________. People add, delete, and change elements.
-reconstructive
Define: source misattribution
-inability to distinguish information stored DURING an event from information added LATER
Even _____________, though emotionally powerful and vivid, are often embellished or change over time.
-flashbulb memories
Confabulation is…
- confusion of imagined events with real events
- confusing an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you
Confabulation is likely under what circumstances?
- one has thought, heard, or talked about the “imagined” event many times
- the image of an event contains lots of details that make it feel real
- the event is easy to imagine
Eyewitness testimony is especially vulnerable to error when…
- the suspect’s ethnicity differs from the witness’s
- when witnesses are exposed to misleading information
- when witnesses are exposed to leading questions
Children can be suggestible when…
- interviewers use leading questions or suggestive techniques, or pressure child to give a certain answer
- children are affected by rumor and hearsay
In tests of ___________, or conscious recollection, _________ is usually better than ___________.
- explicit memory
- recognition
- recall
In tests of __________, it is measured by indirect methods such as _________ and _________.
- implicit memory
- priming
- relearning method
The __________________ model of memory involves _________, _________, and __________.
- information-processing
- encoding, storage, retrieval
In the Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) model of memory, knowledge is represented as…
-connections among thousands of interacting processing units, all operating in parallel
The three-box model of memory consists of…
- sensory register
- short-term memory
- long-term memory
Function: sensory register
-retains incoming sensory information for a second or two
1/2 second for visual, 2 seconds for auditory
Function: short-term memory (STM)
- retains information from 30sec to a few minutes
- contains working memory
________ extends the capacity of STM
-chunking
Define: working memory
- controls the retrieval of information from LTM
- its executive processes control attention, manipulation, and interpretation of information required for a task
Define: long-term memory (LTM)
-information organized as a network of interrelated concepts
Long-term memory is divided into…
- declarative memories “knowing that”
- semantic memories
- episodic memories - procedural memories “knowing how”
Define: serial position effect
-tendency for strongest recall of the first and last items on a list
What keeps information in STM longer, and increases chances of retention?
-rehearsal
______ rehearsal is more likely to result in transfer to LTM than ________ rehearsal
- elaborative rehearsal
- maintenance rehearsal
_________ processing is usually more effective than _________ processing.
- deep
- shallow
What is more effective than passively reading material?
- read, recite, review strategy
- retrieval practice
What are strategies or tricks for improving memory?
-mnemonics
In _______ memory, neurons temporaroly change in their ability to release neurotransmitters
-STM
Explain: long-term potentiation
-dendrites grow and branch out, certain synapses increase in number, and some synaptic pathways become more excitable
Long-term potentiation requires some time for completion, during which memories undergo __________
-consolidation
_______ is involved in formation, consolidation, and retrieval of emotional or fearful memories
-amygdala
The frontal lobes are involved in…
- STM tasks
- working memory
The hippocampus is critical for…
-formation of long-term declarative memories
The cerebellum…
helps form and retain certain procedural memories
The ultimate destinations of declarative memories lie in….
-parts of the cerebral cortex
_________ released by the adrenal glands can enhance memory
-hormones
norepinephrine, epinephrine
Extreme arousal often…
-impairs memory
Define: decay theory
-a memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed
The decay theory best applies to…
-STM
What theory emphasizes the replacement of old memories by new memories?
-replacement
Interference theory emphasizes…
- retroactive interference
- proactive interference
Cue-Dependent forgetting happens when…
-we lack proper retrieval cues
When one’s physical or mental state acts as a retrieval cue, it is called…
-state-dependent memory
Mood-congruent memory is….
-when one’s mood is consistent with the nature of the material one is trying to remember
Amnesia usually occurs as a result of…
- brain disease
- head injury
What type of amnesia has psychological causes and involves a loss of personal identity?
-psychogenic amnesia
Traumatic amnesia, which is highly controversial, involves…
- burying of specific traumatic events for extended periods of time
- originated from the psychodynamic explanation “repression”
Critics argue that ____________ encourages false memories of victimization.
-therapists, unaware of the dangers of the power of suggestion and confabulation
Childhood amnesia may be due to…
- immaturity of brain parts involved in memory
- cognitive factors: lack of self-concept, and limited linguistic skills necessary for forming cognitive schemas necessary for recall
- lack of mastery of social conventions for reporting events to others
A person’s ________ (life story) organizes remembered events and gives them meaning.
-narrative
Adult memories can reveal as much about the _______ as they do about the _______.
- present
- past
