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Chemistry 3 + 4 > Chapter One : Choosing Fuels > Flashcards

Chapter One : Choosing Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

Energy definition

A

The ability to do work

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2
Q

Thermochemistry definition

A

The study of heat changes in chemical reactions

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3
Q

Fuel definition

A

Is a substance that can be reacted with other substances leading to the release of energy that can be harnessed for a specific purpose

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4
Q

Fossil fuel definition

A

Are chemicals produced by the fossilisation of dead plant and animal matter, pressurised over millions of years leads to the formation of liquid crude oil

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5
Q

Thermochemical equation definition

A

A balanced stoichiometric equation that includes enthalpy change

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6
Q

Combustion of coal

A

C(s) + O2(g) -> CO2(g)

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7
Q

Combustion of oil (petrol)

A

2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) ->16CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)

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8
Q

Combustion of natural gas

A

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) -> CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

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9
Q

Types of energy

A

Kinetic- Sound, heat, mechanical, chemical, light

Potential - Gravitational, electrical, nuclear, elastic, magnetic, chemical

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10
Q

Law of Conservation of Energy

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but simply changes from one form to another

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11
Q

The second law of energy

A

Though the quantity of energy in the universe may stay the same, the quality decreases

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12
Q

Efficiency formula

A

Efficiency = Energy obtained in desired form / Energy available before conversion
X 100

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13
Q

Efficency of energy changes

A 
Light to chemical = <1%
Chemical to heat = 85%
Chemical to mechanical = 25%(car) or 50%(rocket)
Chemical to electrical = 60-90%
Heat to mechanical = 45%
Mechanical to electrical = 95%
Electrical to mechanical = 60-90%
Electrical to heat = 99%
Electrical to light = 4%
Light to electrical = 5-15%
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14
Q

Non-renewable energy definition

A

Energy sources that are being used up faster than they can be produced
- Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) and nuclear fuels (uranium)

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15
Q

Renewable energy definition

A

Energy sources that can be produced faster than they are used. Sustainable sources of energy
- Biofuels, solar, wind, waves, tides

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16
Q

Coal facts

A

Very efficient fuel

Destructive distillation turns coal into useful energy

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17
Q

Petroleum facts

A

Contains many different hydrocarbons
Must be refined (fractional distillation)
Mostly octane

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18
Q

LPG facts (liquefied petroleum gas)

A

Made of propane and butane

Is liquefied under pressure and can be stored as a compact liquid but burns as a gaseous vapour

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19
Q

Natural gas facts

A

Made of mostly methane

Odourless

20
Q

Efficiency of fossil fuels (decreasing order)

A 
Natural gas
Petrol
Diesel
Black coal
Brown coal
21
Q

Coal seam gas facts

A

Extracted by drilling into deep wells of underground coal deposits
Coal seams are filled with water and pumped to the surface, desorbs methane from coal and brings it to the surface

22
Q

Biofuels definition

A

Are fuels that are derived from living or recently deceased plants

23
Q

Biofuels facts

A

Plants absorb CO2 and H2O to create glucose and oxygen, glucose and can be converted to oils, proteins and complex carbs which can be made into biofuels

24
Q

Why are biofuels carbon neutral?

A

When biofuels are formed they absorb CO2 but whenn biofuels are burnt they also release CO2 but they are relasing and absorbing the same amount meaning that they are carbon neutral

25
Q

Formation of bioethanol

A

Fermentation of sugar from waste wheat starch and molasses.

C6H12O6 > 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

26
Q

Advantages of bioethanol

A

Reduces emissions of greenhouse gases

Renewable

27
Q

Disadvantages of bioethanol

A

Lower efficiency
Conflict in land use as it takes up arable land
Can breakdown rubber and plastic in vehicles
Sometimes will produce more CO2 than it absorbs
Needs a modified engine

28
Q

Formation of biodiesel

A

Fatty acids are added to glycerol to produce water and a triglyceride
Triglyceride is added to methanol/alcohol to make biodiesel
Made in presence of catalyst KOH/NaOH

29
Q

Advantages of biodiesel

A 
Biodegradable
Lower emissions of greenhouse gases
Requires no engine modification
Renewable
Just as efficient as petrol and diesel
30
Q

Disadvantages of biodiesel

A

Economically unfavourable
At low temperatures it gels
Conflict in land use and can take up arable land

31
Q

Formation of biogas

A

Produced from bacterial breakdown of organic material in the absence of oxygen
Sewage treatment plants and landfill decompose anaerobically to produce methane

32
Q

Advantages of biogas

A

Renewability
Productive use of wastes
Little environmental impact

33
Q

Disadvantages of biogas

A

Energy inefficiency

Low supplies

34
Q

Petrodiesel sources

A

Petroleum

35
Q

Biodiesel sources

A

Cooking oil
Oil from algae
Methanol production from glycerol

36
Q

Chemical structure or petrodiesel

A

Alkanes
Straight chained and branched (aliphatic)
Benzene rings (aromatic)

37
Q

Chemical structure of biodiesel

A

Fatty acids to triglyceride to biodiesel

38
Q

Combustion products of petrodiesel

A 
Carbon dioxide/monoxide
Water
Soot
SO2
Nitrogen oxides
39
Q

Combustion products of biodiesel

A

Same as petrodiesel but lower in quantity

Increased nitrogen oxide emission

40
Q

Viscosity of petrodiesel

A

Hygroscopic but seasonal blending allows for temp changes

41
Q

Viscosity of biodiesel

A

Hygroscopic and gels at low temps

As there are dipole dipole bonds in the C=O groups

42
Q

Environmental impact of petrodiesel

A

Non-renewable
Non-biodegradable
Spills in transportation
Combustion emissions in transport

43
Q

Environmental impact of biodiesel

A

Renewable
Biodegradable
Issues with land use for biodiesel
Deforestation issues

44
Q

Effect of fossil fuels on the environment

A

Increases greenhouse gases which increases greenhouse effect causing global warming
Reaction between sulfur dioxide and water causes acid rain

45
Q

Sustainable energy definition

A

Providing the energy needs of todays generation without comprimising future generations to meet their own needs

Chemistry 3 + 4 (12 decks)

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