Chapter One Flashcards
Cleft
Cleft Lip (fusion normally@ 6-7 weeks)
Cleft Palate (Fusion at 9-10 weeks and complete by 12 weeks)
An abnormal opening or a fissure in an anatomical structure that is normally closed
It is the result of failure of parts of lip to come together early in the life of fetus
It occurs when the parts of the roof of the mouth do not fuse normally during fetal development, leaving a large opening between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity.
External ear
a)
b)
a) Pinna (helps funnel sound into canal)
b) External auditory canal (leads to the TM; S shaped structure; lined by cilia; helps keep insects and other junk out)
Middle ear (communicates with the mastoid- important for BC hearing)
a)
b)
a) Tympanic membrane- air is converted into acoustic energy
b) Eustachian tube- connects the middle ear to the pharynx; very important for equalizing pressure
Inner ear
a)
b)
c)
a) Cochlea- snail shaped organ
b) Organ or Corti- contains outer hair cells which are the functional units of hearing
c) Semicircular canals- balance and equilibrium
Nose and Nasal Cavity (Know the figure on slide 5*****)
Nasal root
Nasal bridge/nasion
Columella
Nasal tip
Ala nasi
Alar rims
Alar base
Nasal sill
Pyriform aperture
Nasal root- where the nose begins
Nasal bridge/nasion- bony strucute
Columella- fleshy structure that separates the two nostrils
Nasal tip- protruding pointy structure
Naris (pl. nares) or nostril- open cavities
Ala nasi:
Alar rims- c shaped curved structures
Alar base- where the nose connects with the upper lip
Nasal sill
Pyriform aperture- opening of the nose
Nasal septum (Image*)
Quadrangle septal cartilage
Vomer—fits in median palatine suture groove
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
Turbinates and meatuses (Image*)
Superior, middle, inferior turbinates (choanae) - make sure the air is channeled into the windpipe
Superior, middle, inferior nasal meatuses-
Paranasal sinuses (frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid)- cavities within the bone
Upper Lip (Image*)
Philtrum- Philtral ridges/columns- Cupid’s bow- White roll- Vermilion- Tubercle-
Philtrum- bridge which connects tip f nose to upper lip
Philtral ridges/columns
Cupid’s bow- not seen in cleft lip
White roll- just below cupisa bow
Vermilion
Tubercle- pointy structure of upper lip
Oral Cavity
Hard palate Alveolar ridge Velum (soft palate) Uvula Tongue Dorsal and ventral surface Faucial pillars Anterior and posterior Tonsils (palatine tonsils) Posterior pharyngeal wall
Hard palate- bony structure
Alveolar ridge
Velum (soft palate)- muscular structure
Uvula
Tongue
Dorsal and ventral surface
Faucial pillars
Anterior and posterior
Tonsils (palatine tonsils)
Posterior pharyngeal wall
Palate and Pharynx
Hard palate (maxilla)
Velum (soft palate)
Eustachian tube
Tonsils
Adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)
Tonsils (palatine tonsils)
Lingual tonsil (at base of the tongue)
Epiglottis
Hard Palate
Separates ….
Serves as ____ of mouth and ___of nasal cavity
Palatal vault—
Alveolar ridge (alveolus)—
nasal cavity and oral cavity
roof; floor
dome on upper part of oral cavity
provides bony support for teeth
Mucoperiosteum-
Mucous membrane—
Periosteum—
tissue that covers the hard palate
lining of stratified squamous epithelium
and lamina propria
thick, fibrous tissue that covers bone
Rugae-
Incisive papilla-
Palatine (median) raphe-
ridges that run horizontally
projection of mucosa at area of incisive foramen (just behind central incisors)
line from incisive foramen to uvula
Foramen—
Incisive Foramen-
hole or opening in a bony structure to allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through to the mucosa
In the area of alveolar ridge behind the central incisors
Starting point of embryological development
Premaxilla
_______-shaped bone
Bordered by incisive foramen and incisive sutures
Contains ___ maxillary incisors
Triangular
4
Palatine processes of maxilla
Forms anterior ___of maxilla
Two plates separated by ________
Nasal aspect of palatine suture forms groove for lower portion of vomer (nasal septum)
3/4th
median (intermaxillary) palatine suture
Suture lines
Incisive suture lines
Median (intermaxillary) palatine suture
Transverse palatine (palatomaxillary) suture lines
Horizontal plates of the palatine bones
_____ portion of the hard palate
Bordered by the transverse palatine suture lines
Meet in ____ at the median palatine suture
Ends with the _____
Posterior
midline
posterior nasal spine
The hard palate is divided into***
1.
2.
Palatine processes of maxilla
Horizontal plates of the palatine bones
Torus Palatinus (Palatine Torus)
Seen in some Caucasians of Northern European descent
Prominent longitudinal ridge on oral surface along intermaxillary suture line
Normal variation and usually not the cause of a problem
Sphenoid and temporal bones
Medial and lateral pterygoid plates—part of pterygoid process of sphenoid bone
Pterygoid hamulus—inferior end of pterygoid plate
Both provide bony attachment for velopharyngeal musculature
….
Velum (Soft Palate)
Consists of ____and _____ (no bone)
Attaches to ______
Median palatine raphe continues to _____
Uvula attaches to the ______
muscles; mucosa
hard palate
uvula
posterior border
Palatine (Velar) Aponeurosis*
Consists of _____
Anchoring point for ____***
Provides ______
fibrous, connective tissue
velar muscles
stiffness
Uvula
____-shaped pendulum
Consists of ____________ tissue
Very ________
Has no known function
Teardrop
mucosa, glandular, and adipose
vascular
Pharynx (Throat)
- Nasopharynx—above ____
- Oropharynx—_____velum
- Hypopharynx-
Posterior pharyngeal wall-
velum
below velum
around laryngeal region
Adenoid tissue located just behind the velum
Adenoid Pad
Mass of _________
Located on _________, just behind the velum
More prominent in ________
lymphoid tissue
posterior pharyngeal wall
children than in adults
Eustachian Tube
Connects _____with _____
At horizontal angle in children under age ____
At a ___ - angle in adults
middle ear; pharynx
6
45º
Eustachian Tube
Pharyngeal opening is____and slightly above velum
Torus tubarius-
Salpingopharyngeal folds-
lateral
ridge located posterior to Eustachian tube
originate from torus tubarius and course down to the lateral pharyngeal wall
Velopharyngeal (VP) Closure
Coordinated _____closure of structures
Closes valve like a _____
Closes off _____from _____
three-dimensional
sphincter
nasal cavity; oral cavity
Velopharyngeal (VP) Function
Regulates and directs transmission of ______and _____ in the oral and nasal cavities
Important for production of _________consonant sounds and all vowels
sound energy and airflow
“pressure-sensitive”
VP function requires coordinated movement of the following structures: ***
1.
2.
3.
- Velum (soft palate)
- Lateral pharyngeal walls (LPWs)
- Posterior pharyngeal wall (PPW)
Combined effort of these structures
VP port is always ____ at rest and always ____ when eating
Open during the production of _____
open; closed
nasals
Velar Movement
Moves in a ______ and _____ direction
Has a type of ____ action
Moves toward the _____
Velar dimple—
superior; posterior
“knee”
posterior pharyngeal wall
point of bend in the velum during contraction
Lateral Pharyngeal Wall (LPW) Movement
Moves _____
Usually close against the ____
Sometimes close in ___behind the velum
medially
velum
midline
Posterior Pharyngeal Wall (PPW) Movement
Moves _____toward the velum
Has very ____role, however
Passavant’s ridge—
anteriorly
little
bulge of muscle on the posterior pharyngeal wall during speech; occurs in some normal and abnormal speakers
Muscles of VP Closure
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
- Levator veli palatini (velar “sling”)
- Superior constrictor (pharyngeal ring)
- Palatopharyngeus (posterior faucial pillar)
- Palatoglossus (anterior faucial pillar)
- Musculus uvulae (bulge on nasal surface)
- Tensor veli palatini
Motor and Sensory Innervation
Pharyngeal plexus—
plexus—a network of nerves that lies along the posterior wall of the pharynx and consists of the pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and the vagus nerve (CN X)
Cranial Nerves
Trigeminal (V)
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)
…
Patterns of VP Closure*** IMAGE
Coronal pattern—
Sagittal pattern—
Circular pattern—
Coronal pattern—involvement of velum and PPW
Most common
Sagittal pattern—LPWs
Least common
all structures
Sometimes includes Passavant’s ridge
Pneumatic vs. Nonpneumatic Activities
Nonpneumatic:
Pneumatic
Positive pressure—whistling, blowing, speech
Negative pressure—sucking, kissing
Swallowing, gagging, vomiting
Positive pressure—whistling, blowing, speech
Negative pressure—sucking, kissing
***During nonpneumatic activities:
Entire length of _____move together with exaggerated movement.
Closure is ____than with speech.
During speech:
Greatest movement occurs with ______.
Note: Closure for speech and other positive pressure activities are different. Do not work on blowing/sucking to improve speech!
LPWs
higher
high-pressure consonants
Timing of Closure
Valve closes before phonation begins or sound will be ______.
Closure is maintained until a _____or the utterance is ended.
hypernasal
nasal consonant
Height of Closure
Closure contact may vary with different _____.
Closure tends to be higher and tighter with _____and ______, especially voiceless consonants.
Closure can be affected by ___ and ____
sounds
high vowels AND high-pressure consonants
rate AND fatigue.
Firmness of Closure
Contact firmness varies with ____.
Gap of ______ is the threshold for hypernasality.
Even very small gaps cause _______.
consonant
5 mm (20 mm2)
audible nasal air emission
Rate and Fatigue
Velar movement and closure can _____ with rapid rate and muscular fatigue.
Rate and fatigue affects the _____ AND ____of closure.
decrease
height and firmness
Changes with Growth and Age
Velum increases in _____ AND _____—”velar stretch.”
Maturation results in an increase in ________.
thickness and length
oral-motor coordination
Changes with Growth and Age
Facial skeleton, including hard and soft palate, moves____and ____
_________changes in inclination and bends forward.
Gradual involution of ____tissue occurs, particularly around puberty.
down AND down
Posterior pharyngeal wall
adenoid
Subsystems for Speech
Respiration
Phonation
Prosody (stress, rhythm, and intonation)
Resonance and velopharyngeal function
Articulation
Respiration
Air pressure is required to initiate and sustain phonation:
Vocal folds close.
Subglottic air pressure builds.
Vocal folds break open and begin to vibrate.
Pressure is released.
Respiration
Breathing for vegetative purposes is _____than breathing for speech.
There is a need to control breathing for _____.
Ratio at rest:
Ratio during speech:
different
phrasing
50: 50
10: 90
Respiration
Provides airflow, which converts to _________ for articulation
Is important for ______ sounds
intraoral air pressure
pressure-sensitive
High-pressure sounds:
Plosives (p, b, t, d, k, g)
Fricatives (f, v, s, z, ʃ, Θ, ð)
Affricates (ʧ, ʤ)
Low-pressure sounds
Liquids (l, r)
Glides (w, j)
No-pressure sounds
Nasals (n, m, ŋ)
Must be able to _______phonation quickly throughout
an utterance
Example: “a cup” requires start-stop-start-stop of phonation in just two syllables
start and stop
Prosody
Stress and intonation
Velopharyngeal Function
For oral sounds:
Velopharyngeal valve is ____
This allows acoustic energy to ______
It is important for the production of most ______sounds (particularly plosives, fricatives, affricates) and all vowels.
closed.
enter oral cavity.
consonant
Velopharyngeal Function
For nasal sounds:
Velopharyngeal valve is _____.
This allows most of the sound energy to _________
It is important for ____sounds (m, n, ŋ).
open
enter the nasal cavity
nasal
Velopharyngeal Function
Velopharyngeal valve must open and close quickly and efficiently
Example: “It’s my map.” requires the valve to close-open-close-open-close in just three syllables.
….
Articulation
Vowels:
Produced by _____oral resonance
Formant frequencies affected by:
1.
2.
Acoustics and vowel perception affected by ________
altering
- Position of tongue, jaw, and lips
- Size and shape of oral cavity
formant frequencies
Articulation
Consonants:
Produced with partial or complete _____ of oral cavityand then release
Usually produced with ______
obstruction
air pressure
Articulation
Manner of Production:
Plosives (p, b, t, d, k, g)
1.
2.
3.
- Completely close oral cavity.
- Build up air pressure.
- Release air pressure suddenly.
Articulation
Manner of Production:
Fricatives (f, v, s, z, ʃ, Θ, ð)
1.
2.
3.
- Partially close oral cavity.
- Build up air pressure.
- Release air pressure gradually.
Manner of Production
Manner of Production:
Affricates (ʧ, j)
Combine a plosive with a fricative.
ʧ = t + ʃ
ʤ = d + ʒ
Subsystems
All subsystems need to be good “team players.”
If one subsystem is not working well, it affects the ___of the other “team players.”
work
