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chapter one Flashcards

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1
Q

active mind.

A

a mind that transforms, interprets, understands, or values physical experience. The rationalists assume an active mind

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2
Q

anomalies

A

persistent observations that cannot be explained by an existing paradigm. anomalies eventually cause one paradigm to displace another

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3
Q

Biological determinism

A

The type of determinism that stresses the biochemical, genetic, physiological, or anatomical causes of behavior.

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4
Q

causal laws

A

Laws describing causal relationships. Such laws specify the conditions that are necessary and sufficient to produce a certain event. Knowledge of causal laws allows both the prediction and control of events.

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5
Q

Confirmable propositions

A

Within science, propositions capable of validation through empirical tests

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6
Q

Correlational laws

A

Laws that specify the systematic relationships among classes of empirical events. Unlike causal laws, the events described by correlational laws do not need to be causally related. One can note, for example, that as average daily temperature rises, so does that crime rate without knowing (or even caring) if the two events are causally related.

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7
Q

Correspondence theory of truth

A

the belief that scientific laws and theories are correct insofar as they accurately mirror events in the physical world

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8
Q

Determinism

A

the belief that everything that occurs does so because of known or knowable causes and that if these causes were known in advance, an event could be predicted with complete accuracy. also, if the causes of an event were known, the event could be prevented by preventing its causes. Thus, the knowledge of an event’s causes allows the prediction and control of the event.

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9
Q

Double aspectism

A

the belief that bodily and mental events are inseparable because they are two aspects of every experience

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10
Q

Dualist

A

anyone who believes that there are two aspects to humans, one physical and one mental

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11
Q

Eclectic approach

A

Taking the best from a variety of viewpoints.

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12
Q

Emergentism

A

The contention that mental processes emerge from brain processes. The interactionist form or emergentism claims that once mental states emerge, they can influence subsequent brain activity and thus behavior. The epiphenomenalist form claims that emergent mental states are behaviorally irrelevant.

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13
Q

Empirical observation

A

the direct observation of that which is being studied in order to understand it

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14
Q

Empiricism

A

The belief that the basis of all knowledge is experience.

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15
Q

Environmental determinism

A

The type of determinism that stresses causes of behavior that are external to the organism

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16
Q

Epiphenomenalism

A

The form of emergentism that states that mental events emerge from brain activity but that mental events are subsequently behaviorally irrelevant.

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17
Q

Feyerabend, Paul (1924-1994)

A

Argued that science cannot be described by any standard set of rules, principles, or standards. In fact, he said, history shows that scientific progress occurs when individual scientists violate whatever rules, principles, or standards existed at the time.

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18
Q

Great-person approach

A

The approach to history that concentrates of the most prominent contributors to the topic or field under consideration

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19
Q

Historical development approach

A

The approach to history that concentrates on an element of a field or discipline and describes how the understanding or approach to studying that element has changed over time

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20
Q

Historicism

A

the study of the past for its own sake, without attempting to interpret and evaluate it in terms of current knowledge and standards, as is the case with presentism

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21
Q

Historiography

A

The study of the proper way to write history

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22
Q

Idealists

A

Those who believe that ultimate reality consists of ideas or perceptions and is therefore not physical.

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23
Q

Indeterminism

A

the contention that even though determinism is true, attempting to measure the causes of something influences those causes, making it impossible to know them with certainty. Also known as Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle

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24
Q

Interactionisn

A

A proposed answer to the mind-body problem maintaining that bodily experiences influence the mind and that the mind influences the body

25
Q

Kuhn, Thomas (1922-1996)

A

Believed that the activities of members of a scientific community are governed by a shared set of beliefs called a paradigm. This paradigmatic, or normal, science continues until an existing paradigm is displaced by another paradigm

26
Q

Materialists

A

Those who believe that everything in the universe is material (physical), including those things that others refer to as mental.

27
Q

Mechanism

A

The belief that the behavior of organisms, including humans, can be explained entirely in terms of mechanical laws.

28
Q

Monists

A

Those who believe that there is only one reality. Materalists are monists because they believe that only matter exists. Idealists are also monists because they believe that everything, including the material world, is the result of human consciousness and is therefore mental.

29
Q

Naive realism

A

The belief that what one experiences mentally is the same as what is present physically

30
Q

Nativist

A

Anyone who believes that important human attributes such as intelligence are largely inherited.

31
Q

Nondeterminism

A

the belief that human thought or behavior is freely chosen by the individual and is therefore not caused by antecedent physical or mental events

32
Q

Normal science

A

According to Kuhn, the research activities performed by scientists as they explore the implications of a paradigm.

33
Q

Occasionalism

A

the belief that the relationship between the mind and body is mediated by God.

34
Q

Paradigm

A

A viewpoint shared by many scientists while exploring the subject matter of their science. A paradigm determines what constitutes legitimate problems and the methodology used in solving those problems.

35
Q

Paradigmatic stage

A

According to Kuhn, the stage in the development of a science during which scientific activity is guided by a paradigm. That is, it is during this stage that normal science occurs.

36
Q

Passive mind

A

a mind that simply reflects cognitively one’s experiences with the physical world. The empiricists assume a passive mind.

37
Q

Physical determinism

A

The type of determinism that stresses material causes of behavior

38
Q

Popper, Karl (1902-1994)

A

Saw scientific method of having three components: problems, proposed solutions to the problems (theories), and criticisms of the proposed solutions. Because all scientific theories will eventually be found to be false, the highest status any scientific theory can attain is not yet disconfirmed

39
Q

Postdiction

A

An attempt to account for something after is has occurred. Postdiction is contrasted with prediction, which attempts to specify the conditions under which an even has not yet occurred will occur.

40
Q

Preestablished harmony

A

The belief that bodily events and mental events are separate but correlated because both were designed to run identical courses.

41
Q

Preparadigmatic stage

A

According to kuhn, the first stage in the development of a science. This stage is characterized by warring factions vying to define that subject matter and methodology of a discipline.

42
Q

Presentism

A

Interpreting and evaluating historical events in terms of contemporary knowledge and standards.

43
Q

Principle of falsifiability

A

Popper’s contention that for a theory to be considered scientific it must specify the observations that, if made, would refute the theory. To be considered scientific, a theory must make risky predictions

44
Q

Psychical determinism

A

The type of determinism that stresses mental causes of behavior.

45
Q

Psychophysical parallelism

A

The contention that experiencing something in the physical world causes bodily and mental activity simultaneously and that the two types of activities are independent of each other.

46
Q

Public observation

A

The stipulation that scientific laws must be available for any interested person to observe. Science is interested in general, empirical relationships that are publicly verifiable

47
Q

Puzzle solving

A

According to Kuhn, normal science is like puzzle solving in that the problems worked on are specified by a paradigm, the problems have guaranteed solutions, and certain rules must be followed in arriving at those solutions

48
Q

Rationalism

A

The philosophical belief that knowledge can be attained only be engaging in some type of systematic mental activity.

49
Q

Reification

A

The belief that abstractions for which we have names have an existence independent of their names

50
Q

Relativism

A

The belief that because all experience must be filtered though individual and group perspectives, the search for universal truths that exist independently of human experience must be in vain. For the relativist, there is no one truth, only truths.

51
Q

Revolutionary stage

A

According to Kuhn, the stage of scientific development during which an existing paradigm is displaced by a new one. Once the displacement is complete, the new paradigm generates normal science and continues doing so until it too is eventually displaced by a new paradigm

52
Q

Risky predictions

A

According to Popper, predictions derived from a scientific theory that run a real chance of showing the theory to be false. For example, if a meteorological theory predicts that it will rain at a specific place at a specific time, then it must do so or the theory will be shown to be incorrect.

53
Q

Science

A

Traditionally, the systematic attempt to rationally categorize or explain empirical observations. Popper described science as a way of rigorously testing proposed solutions to problems, and Kuhn emphasized the importance of paradigms that guide the research activities of scientists. Feyerabend believed it is impossible to give a generalized conception of science or scientific method.

54
Q

Scientific law

A

a consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events

55
Q

Scientific theory

A

Traditionally, a proposed explanation of a number of empirical observations; according to Popper, a proposed solution to a problem

56
Q

Sociocultural determinism

A

The type of environmental determinism that stresses cultural or societal rules, customs, regulations, or expectations as the causes of behavior.

57
Q

Universalism

A

the belief that there are universal truths about ourselves and about the physical world in general that can be discovered by anyone using the proper methods of inquiry

58
Q

Vitalism

A

The belief that life cannot be explained in terms of inanimate processes. For the vitalist, life requires a force that is more than the material objects or inanimate processes in which is manifests itself. For there to be life, there must also be a vital force present.

59
Q

Zeitgeist

A

The spirit of the times

Psychology (3 decks)

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