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Psychology > Chapter One > Flashcards

Chapter One Flashcards

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1
Q

Areas in lifespan development?

A

physical, cognitive, personality, social

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2
Q

Influences on development?

A

*history-graded influences
*age-graded influences
*sociocultural-graded influences
*non-normative life events

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3
Q

What are history-graded influences?

A

historical events

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4
Q

What are age-graded influences?

A

events based-age

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5
Q

What are sociocultural-graded influences?

A

social class, ethnicity, status

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6
Q

What is a non-normative life event?

A

atypical events

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7
Q

Key debates in lifespan development

A

nature(genes) vs nurture(environment)

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8
Q

Continuity?

A

Continuous development, age-changes gradually

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9
Q

Discontinuity?

A

Discontinuous development, large shifts, qualitative

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10
Q

Critical period

A

Event has consequences. Absence causes permanent damage

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11
Q

Sensitive period

A

Sensitive to environmental influences. Later experiences can change deficits

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12
Q

Quantitative(Logic)?

A

Numbers/Statistics. Larger sample size. Objective

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13
Q

Research method?

A

*Good theory is predictable/simple
*Variables: characteristics, behaviors, condition, event
*Operationalize(observed)

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14
Q

Qualitative(Descriptive)?

A

Language. Smaller sample size. Can be subjective.

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15
Q

What is psychoanalytical perspective?

A

Unconscious forces determine personality/behavior
*psychosexual theory
*psychosocial theory

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16
Q

What’s Id

A

*largest portion of mind
*unconscious, present at birth
*source of biological needs/desires

17
Q

What’s the Superego?

A

*The conscience: learns right/wrong
*develops from 3-6, from caregiver’s interactions

18
Q

What’s the ego?

A

*Conscious, rational mind
*Emerges early infancy
*Redirects Id’s impulses acceptably

19
Q

Behavioral perspectives?

A

*Conditioning
*stimulus-response

20
Q

Operant conditioning?

A

*reinforces/punishes
*behavioral modification

21
Q

Social-cognitive learning?

A

*Modeling

22
Q

Cognitive theories?

A

*emphasizes thinking processes
*information processing:
memory
*cognitive neuroscience approach: brain level

23
Q

Humanistic perspective?

A

*free will to make decisions/motivation
*people need positive regard

24
Q

Evolutionary perspective?

A

*behavior influenced by biology
*Geese/Imprinting

25
Q

Correlational Study?

A

Relationship between 2 variables

Positive correlation: 1 variable increases other increases

Negative correlation: 1 variable increases other decreases

No correlation: No connection

26
Q

Problems/Limitations

A

*Bidirectional; Example:
TV violence = Aggressive behavior
Aggressive behavior = TV violence

27
Q

Experimental Studies: Cause & Effect

A

Independent variable: cause
dependent variable: outcome

Experimental group: treatment
Control group: no treatment/placebo

28
Q

Definitions in Experimental Studies?

A

-population: everyone
-sample: people in study
-random sampling: eliminate bias/representative sample
-Random assignment: randomly assigned to a group

29
Q

What’s Blindness in Studies?

A

*Double blind: researcher/subjects don’t know how study’s controlled
*Single blind: Only researcher knows how study’s controlled

30
Q

What’s reliability?

A

Same results.
Test- Retest/Interrater(multiple raters)

31
Q

Case study?

A

small, collect/monitor more data
-downside: can’t generalize; only few people

32
Q

Longitudinal studies attrition?

A

How people change over years
-downside: losing subjects

33
Q

Ethnographic studies?

A

immerse oneself in and research culture
-downside: May not be accepted in culture

34
Q

Archival data?

A

Existing data
-downside: didn’t collect wanted data

35
Q

Survey?

A

Asking questions
-downside: dishonest answers/some questions are skipped/ignored

36
Q

Naturalistic observation?

A

in environment/observing naturally
-downside: behave differently than naturally

37
Q

Interview?

A

Can ask personally/face to face
-downside: may not share

38
Q

Deception briefing?

A

Inform them of your actual findings. Altering your study.

Psychology (8 decks)

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