Chapter ? Module 18

Question 1

behavior modification

Answer 1

technique with a goal to increase the frequency of desirable behaviors and decrease the unwanted ones

Question 2

continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 2

schedule where behavior is reinforced every time the behavior occurs

Question 2

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 2

schedule in which reinforcement is provided for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed

Question 3

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 3

schedule where reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made

Question 4

negative reinforcer

Answer 4

An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future

Question 5

operant conditioning

Answer 5

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on the response’s good or bad consequences

Question 6

partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule

Answer 6

Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time

Question 7

positive punishment

Answer 7

giving an undesirable consequence after an unwanted behavior to make it less appealing

Question 8

negative punishment

Answer 8

remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior

Question 9

positive reinforcer

Answer 9

stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response

Question 10

punishment

Answer 10

stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again

Question 11

reinforcement

Answer 11

process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated

Question 12

reinforcer

Answer 12

Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again

Question 13

schedule of reinforcement

Answer 13

pattern of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior

Question 14

shaping

Answer 14

process of teaching complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 15

B.F. Skinner

Answer 15

the Skinner box and helped advance behaviorism

Question 15

variable-interval schedule

Answer 15

schedule where the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed

Question 15

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 15

schedule where reinforcement occurs AFTER an average number of responses, but the reinforcement schedule is unpredictable

Question 16

Edward Thorndike

Answer 16

had a powerful impact of reinforcement and theory and behavior analysis