Chapter III Flashcards
Types of Liar
- Panic Liar
- Occupational Liar
- Tournament Liar
- Ethnological Liar
- Psychopathic Liar
- Pathological Liar
- Black Liar
It is a person who lies in order to avoid the consequences of confession. He or she is afraid of embarrassment to love ones and is a serious blow to his or her ego.
Panic Liar
It is a person who has lied for years. This person is a practical liar and lies when it has a higher payoff than telling truth.
Occupational Liar
It is a person who loves to lie and is excited by the challenge of not being detected. He views as another contest and wants to win. He lies because it is the only weapon remaining with which to fight. This person realizes that he or she will probably be convinced but will not give anyone the satisfaction of hearing him or her confess. He wants people to believe that the law is punishing an innocent person.
Tournament Liar
It is a person who was trained not to be a squealer. This person loves to be interrogated and has taken a creed either personal or with others, that he or she will never reveal the truth, the creed of underworld gangs.
Ethnological Liar
This type of liar has no conscience. He shows no regret for his dishonest actions and no manifestation of guilt. This is the most difficult type of liar because he is good actor he can fool most investigator.
Psychopathic Liar
It is a person who cannot distinguished what is right from wrong. These are those people who are mentally sick.
Pathological Liar
It is a person who always pretends and a hypocrite.
Black Liar
Types of Lies
- Direct Denial
- Lie of Omission
- Lie of Fabrication
- Lie of Minimization
- Lie of Exaggeration
It is a direct denial of the act in question that creates an emotional sense of disturbance. This disturbance refers to the conflict between what is true and the attempted deception that creates an internal battle in the mind. Example; “I didn’t do it”. The vague response permits the person to evade inner conflict while seeming to answer the question. The reply given to a query must be evaluated in terms of what asked to know if the answer is proper.
Direct Denial
It is a type of lie that people usually use because it is simple to tell. Individuals who will make use of this type of lie will tell the truth while omitting details that could create possible troubles.
Lie of Omission
It is the most difficult type of lie that a subject could use in an interview.
Lie of Fabrication
This type of lie, individual will accept that something has occurred/but downplays the implication. Lie of minimization could be used if a subject wanted to stay close to the truth’ however he covers the truth for his or her own benefit.
Lie of Minimization
It is a lie often used to exaggerate things for the hope of obtaining some advantages. This is also often found on resume, where applicant exaggerates his or her experiences, knowledge, skills, salary and length of service. The exaggerated claims can be verified by looking for inconsistencies of the subject story.
Lie of Exaggeration
It is a lie that is told when it is obvious to all concerned that is it a lie. Example: a child who has chocolate all over his face and denies that he has eaten the last piece of chocolate cake.
Bald-Faced Lie or Barefaced
It is a lie often a platitude that may use euphemism that is told to make an adult subject acceptable to children. A common example is “The stork brought you”.
Lie-to-Children
This would cause no discord if it were uncovered and offers some benefit to the liar, the hearer, or both. It is often used to avoid offense, such as telling someone that you think that their new outfit looks good when you actually think that it is a horrible excuse for an outfit. The lie is told to avoid the harmful implications and realistic implications of the truth.
Benign or White Lie
It is one that would normally cause discord it if were uncovered, but that offers some benefit to the liar and perhaps assist in an orderly society and thus potentially gives some benefit to others also. It is often told to maintain law, order and safety. It is usually has the effect of helping an elite maintain power.
Noble Lie
It is a strategic lie told when the truth may not be told because, for example, harm to a third party would come of it. Example: a neighbor might lie to an engaged husband about the whereabouts of his unfaithful wife, because said husband might reasonably be expected to inflict physical injury to his husband.
Emergency Lie
It is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law or in any of various sworn statements in writing. It is a crime because the witness has sworn to tell the truth and, for the credibility of the court, witness testimony must be relied on an being truthful.
Perjury
It is pretending to have capability or intention one doesn’t. It is an act of deception that is not usually seen as immoral because it takes place in the context of a game where this kind of deception is consented to in advance by the players.
Bluffing
It is one where there isn’t an outright lie, but still has the purpose of making someone believe in an untruth.
Misleading
It is a polite term for lying, though some might consider it to refer to being merely misleading.
Dissembling
These are lies that are meant in jest and are usually understood as such by all present parties. Sarcasm can be an example. Storytelling traditions that are present in some places, where the humor comes from the storyteller’s insistence that he or she is telling that absolute truth despite all evidence to the contrary.
Jocose Lie
It is common to advertisements.
Promotion Lies
It is alleged that some _____________ may find lying to be justified.
belief systems
It is common to communist countries. This lie is used to destroy other ideologies by means of propaganda.
Red Lie
It is a chronic lie purely used to mislead justice, a pure dishonesty to obstruct justice.
Malicious Lie
It is lying to oneself. Specifically, it is failing to acknowledge one’s own ability to act and determine one’s possibilities, falling back on the determinations of the various historical and current totals which have produced one as if they relieved one of one’s freedom to do so.
Bad Faith
This attempts to trick the victim into believing something major which will likely be contradicted by some information the victim already possesses, or by their common sense. When the lie is of sufficient magnitude it may succeed, due to the victim’s reluctance to believe that an untruth on such a grand scale would indeed be concocted.
Big Lie
This does not necessarily have to complete fabrication; with only basic knowledge about a topic, this is often used to make the audience believe that one knows far more about the topic by feigning total certainty or making probable predictions. It may also merely be “filler” or nonsense that, by virtue of its style or wording, gives the impression that it actually means something.
Bullshit
It describes small or innate lies which are usually sent electronically, and are used to terminate conversations or to save face. For example, sending an SMS to someone reading “I have to go, the waiter is her”, when you are not at a restaurant.
Butler Lie
It is a a deceptive statement that includes some element of truth. The statement might be partly true, the statement may be totally true but only part of the whole truth, or it may utilize some deceptive element, such as improper punctuation, or double meaning, especially if the intent is to deceive, evade, blame or misrepresent the truth.
Half-Truth
It is a volume of false or irrelevant information, possibly containing a true fact (the needle in the “haystack”). Even if the truth is included, it is difficult or impossible to detect and identify.
Haystack Answer
It is characterized by verbal statements or actions that inaccurately describe history, background and present situations. There is typically no intent to deceive and the individual is unaware that their information is false.
Honest Lie or Confabulation
This happens when one lies face-to-face with the intended recipient. This also may be an expression describing the act of lying with a smile or other patronizing tone or body language.
Lying through your Teeth
It is a lie that a politeness standard requires, and which is usually known to be untrue by both parties. Whether such lies are acceptable is heavily dependent on culture. A common example of this in international etiquette is to decline invitations because of “scheduling difficulties”.
Polite Lie
It is an exaggerated claim typically found in advertising and publicity announcements, such as “the highest quality at the lowest price”, or “Noynoy para sa tuwid na daan”.
Puffery
It refers to journalism and analysis that misinform the audience by creating the impression that opposing parties to an issue have equal correctness and validity, even when the truth of their claims are mutually exclusive.
View from Nowhere
These are lies in religious teaching, lies that harm others and help no one, lies that harm others and help someone, lies told for the pleasure of lying, lies told “please others in smooth discourse”, lies that harm no one and that help someone, lies that harm no one and that save someone’s life, lies that harm no one and that save someone’s purity.
Augustine’s Taxonomy of Lies
In general, truthful people tend to be direct; untruthful tend to be cautious about their answer.
Methods of Responding to the Question
In general, truthful persons answer questions immediately after the question is asked; untruthful persons take their time in giving a response
Length of Time Before Giving Response
The question may be repeated word for word, or the respondent may frame the answer with a request to repeat the question.
Repetition of Questions
Untruthful person often speak in disjointed or curtailed sentences. Statement such as “I… Think… It seems to me… if I recall correctly…”
Fragmented or Incomplete Sentences
The suspect who has been accused and is lying will often say, “Sir,” “Ma’am,” “Boss,” or “Chief.”
Being Overly Polite
Lying persons will frequently utter oaths, such as “I swear to God I didn’t do it” or “I swear on my Father grave”.
Oaths
Honest people tend be very clear in their answers, while untruthful persons tend to speak softly and broaden their answers.
Clarity of Response
As general rule, truthful subjects have no trouble denying the allegation is precise terms, while untruthful one will have problems with the use of words.
Use of Words
Truthful persons are confident about their innocence, and deceitful ones are not confident unless they are practiced liars.
Assertiveness
Contradicting testimonies made by witness are one of the best indications of dishonesty; liars get caught up in their own web of deceit.
Inconsistences
Liars, as Freud discovered, quite often slip up and divulge them through a “slip of the tongue.”
Slip of the Tongue
Liars, as ______ discovered, quite often slip up and divulge them through a “slip of the tongue.”
Freud
Ekman says gap in speech patterns may be one reliable clue to deception.
Pauses
Persons who are tense or upset frequently increase the swiftness of their speech, words tend to run together and the conversation can be fragmented.
Speed of Speech
It is a long and angry speech.
Tirades
These are often performed deliberately, these are expressions made with the body, whose meanings are clearly understood.
Emblems
These are usual of touching one’s self. They encompass grooming the hair, wringing the hands, picking imaginary fur from a coat.
Manipulators
Many persons, under prolonged periods of stress, hyperventilate. An increase in breathing rate or volume may be a sign of deception.
Breathing
This is another uncontrollable body function. Perspiration occurs with heat as well as with emotion.
Sweating
A dry mouth frequently accompanies deep emotion.
Frequent Swallowing
Other muscles are not easy to control but people can control certain facial muscles with spirit.
Facial Muscles
The eyes most likely express as much emotion as any other part of the anatomy. Blinking, Pupil dilation, and tears are some of the signs indicative of emotion in the eyes.
Eyes
People believe that lies will commonly show up in the face and eyes. Reddening or blushing of the face is supposed to be a sign of embarrassment and cannot be controlled.
Face
This is used to test or question individuals for the purpose of detecting deception or verifying truth of statements through a visual, permanent and simultaneous recording of a person’s cardiovascular and respiratory pattern as a minimum instrumentation requirement.
Polygraph
He says gap in speech patterns may be one reliable clue to deception.
Ekman
