Chapter II Flashcards
It is the basis and goal of all criminal investigation.
“search for truth”
He defined “search for truth.”
Dr. Hans Gross
Gross stated, a large of the criminal work is
nothing more than a battle against ______.
lies
Scientists who
contributed in the development of polygraph
- Angelo Mosso
- Cesare Lombroso
- William Moulton Marston
- Dr. John A. Larson
- Leonarde Keeler
- John E. Reid
- Vittorio Benussi
- Harold Burtt
- Luigi Galvani
- Jacques-Arsene D’arsonval
- Fere
- Harold Sticker
- Otto Veraguth
- Francis Franke
He stated that fear
influenced the heart and could be used as a basis for detecting deception.
Angelo Mosso
He uses
“Sphygmanometer” and scientific radio to study fear, there is however, no evidence
that he ever put this into practice.
Angelo Mosso
He developed the mechanical device known as the “Scientific Cradle” often
called “Mosso’s Cradle”.
Angelo Mosso
This device was nothing more than a balanced table-like
platform, mounted on a fulcrum.
“Scientific Cradle” or “Mosso’s Cradle”
He is an Italian scientist who employed the first
scientific instrument to detect deception known as Hydrosphymograph.
Cesare Lombroso
This instrument measures changes in pulse and blood pressure when suspects were
questioned about their involvement of a specific offense.
Hydrosphymograph
He modified the plethysmograph thus inventing a more modern device called hydrosphygmograph.
Cesare Lombroso
He was accorded the distinction of being the first person to utilize a scientific
instrument successfully in the detection of deception.
Cesare Lombroso
Father of Lie Detection
William Moulton Marston
He dealt with the Sphygmomanometer and made researches on the usefulness of Sphygmomanometer in detecting lies, which was used to obtain periodic discontinuous blood pressure readings during the course of an examination. He recorded the respiration and noted the time of subject’s verbal responses.
William Moulton Marston
This was used to obtain periodic discontinuous blood pressure readings during the course of an examination.
Sphygmomanometer
He experimented with galvanometer to record skin resistance changes and a
gripping device to record tension.
William Moulton Marston
He was the first to use polygraph in espionage case in 1917-1918.
William Moulton Marston
He deviced an instrument that records both
blood-pressure and galvanic skin response. He introduced this machine to the
University of California and first applied in law enforcement work by the Berkeley
Police Department under its nationally renowned Police Chief August Vollmer.
Dr. John A. Larson
Who was the nationally renowned police chief of Berkeley Police Department?
Police Chief August Vollmer
He designed the first two recording channel polygraph in the history. The first
mechanical form of the present-day polygraph consists of two recording components
and that is the cardiosphymograph and the pneumograph.
Dr. John A. Larson
The first mechanical form of the present-day polygraph consists of two recording components and that is the ____________ and the _____________.
cardiosphymograph; pneumograph
He improves Larson’s Apparatus and in 1949 he
invented the “Keeler Polygraph”. He also designed a metal bellows and a
kymograph that pulled at a constant speed, a chart paper under the recording pens
from a roll of chart paper located inside the instrument.
Leonarde Keeler
He designed a special chair equipped with metal
bellows for recording unobserved muscular activities of the arms, thighs and feet,
located on the arm of the chair and on the seat, this transmit singular muscular
activity to the recording polygraph.
John E. Reid
He introduced the first recording channel instrument to be developed. This
instrument is excellent for detecting deceptions because it does not only have a
recording pen for cardiosphymograph, pneumograph and galvanograph but also it has
the muscular movement pen for the arms and thighs.
John E. Reid
He successfully detected deception with a
Pneumograph.
Vittorio Benussi
It is an instrument that graphically measures an examinee’s inhalation and
exhalation.
Pneumograph
He demonstrated that changes in breathing patterns accompany deception.
Vittorio Benussi
He determined that respiratory changes were
indication of deception.
Harold Burtt
He found out that changes in systolic blood pressure were of
greater value in determining deception than in changes in respiration.
Harold Burtt
He is Italian physiologist who was accorded the
distinction for developing the galvanic skin reflex (GSR) or the galvanometer.
Luigi Galvani
It records electric bodily changes by measuring changes in person’s skin resistance to
electricity in terms of ohms (the lowest current ever recorded).
galvanic skin reflex (GSR) or the galvanometer
He declared that electricity is generated by the
body and named external friction as source of generation. He assorted those sweat
glands which the body at times store the electricity and at other times discharged
them.
Jacques-ArseneD’arsonval
He discovered that electro dermal response is caused by an increase in the action of the heart and vital energy converted with human emotions.
Fere
He asserted that human body has the ability to generate store, discharged high voltage
of static electricity.
Fere
He introduced the method of detecting deception from the galvanic impression on the chart tracing.
Harold Sticker
He was the first to use the word “psychogalvanic
reflex”. He believed that electrical phenomena are due to the activity of sweat glands,
and such activity is known as “psychogalvanic”.
Otto Veraguth
What is the activity of sweat glands that causes electrical phenomena?
“psychogalvanic”
He invented “plethysmograph.”
Francis Franke
This was used to reveal periodic undulations (waves) in blood pressure caused by the breathing cycle.
“plethysmograph”
This instrument was used by Mosso to measure changes in pulse and blood pressure.
“plethysmograph”
The theory of this test is that guilty reacts only to relevant questions and innocent shows no reactions.
“relevant-irrelevant” test
He developed the “relevant-irrelevant” test.
Leonarde Keeler
He is credited with introducing the “card test” and specialized in the “peak of tension test”.
Leonarde Keeler
It consists of a known lie incorporated in to relevant-irrelevant test. The theory of the test is to stimulate the innocent subject, to identify the general nervous tension and guilt complex reactor, and to improve contract between innocent and guilty subjects.
“reviewed control question”
He developed the “reviewed control question”
consisting of a known lie incorporated in to relevant – irrelevant test.
John E. Reid
This question became known as the Reid Control Question Technique (RCQT) which represented a major breakthrough in polygraph technique.
“Guilt-Complex Test”
He discovered the “Guilt-Complex Test” administered to the overly responsive
subject.
John E. Reid
He conceived the psychological set theory.
Cleve Backster
This postulates that an individual being asked a series of questions will mentally focus on those questions that have the greatest salience, because they pose the greatest interest or immediate threat to his general well-being at the point in time.
Psychological set
He disassembled and remounted the Stoelting instrument into a Samsonite luggage case thus introducing the first suitcase style polygraph.
Cleve Backster
This forms the basis of his zone of comparison
technique that provides constant monitoring of the subject’s reactivity and designed to
disclose outside issue.
“Backster’s Zone Comparison Test”
He conducted a “name test” which he described as a group of names of men who might have committed the crime to a suspect who gave
little or no apparent response except to one name at which his blood pressure and
respiration became abnormal.
Thomas Hayes Jaycox
He was the head of the Army Polygraph School who initiated the modification of the Reid Polygraph Technique and called it the Modified General Question Test (MGQT).
Ronald E. Decker
He developed the Suspicion-Knowledge-Guilt (SKG) test to provide the Polygraphist with a single test capable of identifying the examinee(s) that has major involvement, some direct involvement, or guilty knowledge, yet containing similar controls to that found in the QTZCT.
Professor James Allan Matte
This was a modification of BZCT because it provided a fourth Track or Spot for quantification designed to recover response energy lost by the other tracks/spots as a result of “inside issue” factors, which Matte identified as “Fear of Error” by the innocent, and “Hope of Error” by the guilty.
Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique or QTZCT
The Polygraph Quadri-Zone Comparison Technique was renamed in January 1995 as _______________________.
Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique or QTZCT
He developed the Polygraph Quadri-Zone Comparison Technique.
Professor James Allan Matte
He is the Chief Polygraph Examiner of the FBI, who modified in the R/I technique to include control questions of measured relevance to
the target issue but not designed to cause an arousal.
Paul K. Minor
They modified the BCZT to include two Backster exclusive control questions and one Reid
non-exclusive control question for comparison with three relevant questions.
Nathan J. Gordon, William M. Waid, and Philip M. Cochetti
A symptomatic question, a sacrifice relevant question, and a countermeasure question
are also included in this format, which they named as
Integrated Zone Comparison
Technique (IZCT).
Personalities in the Development of Questioning Techniques
- Leonarde Keeler
- John E. Reid
- Cleve Backster
- Thomas Hayes Jaycox
- Ronald E. Decker
- Professor James Allan Matte
- Paul K. Minor
- Nathan J. Gordon, William M. Waid, and Philip M. Cochetti
The latest modification of the R/I technique is known as ____________________________________.
Modified Relevant-Irrelevant (MRI) Technique
Personalities in the Early Publication and Laboratory on Lie Detection
- Sir James Mackenzie
- Vittorio Benussi
- Richard O. Archer
- Richard I. Golden
- William Stern
- Daniel Defoe
- Cesare Lombroso
- Wilhelm Wundt
- Fred E. Inbau
- Dr. William J. Yankee
He was a famous heart specialist. It was said that “polygraph” was used by him 1906 in his invention, the “ink polygraph,” which appeared in the British Medical Journal in 1908 and was used for medical reasons.
Sir James Mackenzie
This early polygraph had accurate clockwork that drives paper ribbon with time markers at one-fifth of a second.
“ink polygraph”
He wrote a second paper on the concept in 1915, when finishing his undergraduate studies. He entered Harvard Law School and graduated in 1918, re-publishing his earlier work in 1917.
Sir James Mackenzie
Who is the wife of Sir James Mackenzie?
Elizabeth Holloway Marston
The comic book character, __________, by William Marston and influenced by Elizabeth Marston, carries a magic lasso which was modelled upon the systolic blood-pressure test.
Wonder Woman
He presented a paper before the second meeting of the Italian society for psychology in Rome on the subject of his experiments regarding respiratory symptoms of lying.
Vittorio Benussi
He was the first polygraphist to record simultaneously on regular basis the chest and abdominal breathing patterns. He was also the first on to record simultaneously two galvanic skin reflexes.
He was the first polygraphist to record simultaneously on regular basis the chest and abdominal breathing patterns. He was also the first on to record simultaneously two galvanic skin reflexes.
Richard O. Archer
In 1966, he founded the Journal of Polygraph Science, the oldest of the polygraph publications.
Richard O. Archer
He appeared to be the first Polygraphist in 1970 to use what is known as the Mode of Answer technique in which an examinee repeats a word from the question before answering “NO.”
Richard O. Archer
Archer appeared to be the first Polygraphist in 1970 to use what is known as the ___________________ in which an examinee repeats a word from the question before answering “NO.”
Mode of Answer technique
He presented a paper at the Annual Seminar of American Polygraph Association at Houston, Texas regarding his experiments using existing control question techniques but requiring the subjects to answer each question twice. The first time truthfully and the second time with lie, for the purpose or requiring additional psycho-physiological data from the examinee by comparing his subjective truthful answer with a known lie to the same question.
Richard I. Golden
He is the Father of Statement Analysis.
William Stern
He wrote an article, “Die Aussagepsychologie” (The Witness Psychology), hypothesizing that person’s statement depends on the cognitive ability of the person as well as on the interviewing process used to obtain the statement.
William Stern
He wrote an essay suggesting that taking the pulse is a practical and more humane method of determining a liar.
Daniel Defoe
It is a book published in 1906, stated that during the Middle Ages, a nobleman tested the fidelity of his wife by taking her pulse.
“Gesta Romanorum”
He published the 2nd edition of L’Homme Criminel where he explained how he used plethysmograph and sphygmograph during the interrogation of criminal suspects.
Cesare Lombroso
He founded the first Psychological Laboratory in Leipzig, Germany whereby he immediately attracted students from all over the world.
Wilhelm Wundt
He modified Galton’s association method to an almost standardized form.
Wilhelm Wundt
He wrote a book entitled “Lie Detection and Criminal Interrogation.”
Fred E. Inbau
It is a book ” that explained the “peak of tension test” in describing the methodology for the administration of a guilty knowledge test where the subject has not been informed of the essential details of the case such as the object stolen, the amount of money missing, or the implement used in the commission of the crime.
“Lie Detection and Criminal Interrogation”
He presented a report of the Computerization of Polygraphic Recordings to the Keeler Polygraph Institute Alumni Association’s fifth annual seminar in Chicago. Yankee explained the basics of scientific research and a method of quantifying those variables affecting the polygraphic recordings as a means of computerizing the polygraph system.
Dr. William J. Yankee
Other Pioneers in the Field of Deception Detection
- Francis Galton
- Paul Wilhelm and Donald Burns
- Chester W. Darrow
- Erasistratus
- Galileo
- Dr. Charles E. Cady
- Hugo Munsterberg
- Arthur Macdonald
- Christian Ruckmick
- Otto Lowenstein
- Akamatsu, Uchida and Togawa
- Alexander R. Luria
- Father Walter G. Summers
- C.W. Darrow
- FBI Special Agent E.P. Coffey
- Captain Clarence D. Lee
He developed the much-acclaimed psychological test known as the “Word Association Test.”
Francis Galton
In this test, the patient is presented with group of words sufficiently separated in time to allow the patient to utter his first thought generated by each word.
“Word Association Test”
He later developed the work and experiment of Galton.
Dr. Carl Guztav Jung
They invented an electronic psychometric using electrodermal response as a basis for lie detection. Both have proven that results of lie detection test (during) using their instrumental 95% accurate.
Paul Wilhelm and Donald Burns
He devised a research “photo polygraph” which records several responses simultaneously.
Chester W. Darrow
“Photo polygraph” records several responses simultaneously, which are _____________.
a) electro dermal response.
b) blood pressure.
c) heartbeat frequency,
d) time between verbal stimuli and verbal response,
e) signal marks,
f) involuntary tremors of one hand,
g) breathing amplitude and frequency, and
h) voluntary movement of the hand
He is a Greek physician (300 B.C.) who had successfully noted the frequency of heartbeat, upon application of some stimuli related to the question at hand.
Erasistratus
He devised a gadget called “Pulsilogium” instrument used to measure heartbeat frequency. He did not use this device for lie detection purpose.
Galileo
This was used by Galileo to measure heartbeat frequency.
“Pulsilogium”
He recommended the use of chloroform to solve Lincoln’s assassination including the identification of the plotters.
Dr. Charles E. Cady
Based on Dr. Cady’s three years of experience as army surgeon, he had observed rebel officers divulge important information while they were partially under the influence of _________.
chloroform
He was a German American psychologist and philosopher who introduced in United States the first forensic application of WAT in lie detection and further suggested possibilities in detecting deception by recording physiological changes.
Hugo Munsterberg
He was an acquaintance of Lombroso who appeared before the US congressional hearing proposing the creation of a federal laboratory to study criminals and suggested the use of an apparatus containing all of the elements of a modern polygraph.
Arthur Macdonald
He repudiated the term psychogalvanic reflex because such reaction is not a reflex, explained that the psychological nature of the so-called psychogalvanic reflex is not completely understood, thus he proposed the term electrodermal response and probably the first to conduct legitimate laboratory study (1938) involving a Peak-of-Tension (POT) test resembling the current format.
Christian Ruckmick
Ruckmick repudiated the term psychogalvanic reflex because such reaction is not a reflex, explained that the psychological nature of the so-called psychogalvanic reflex is not completely understood, thus he proposed the term _________________________.
electrodermal response
He was a German psychiatrist who introduced an apparatus that has two pneumographs which could record simultaneously the movement of each foot, each hand, and the head in all three dimensions. This instrument was huge, impractical and difficult to maintain in working order, but it was considered a true polygraph.
Otto Lowenstein
They are Japanese psychologists who suggested the use of electrodermal activity (EDA) for deception detection because the conductance level was found to decrease during emotional changes.
Akamatsu, Uchida and Togawa
He was a Russian psychologist who modified the word association technique that was introduced by Galton so that it is suitable in the Russian setting.
Alexander R. Luria
He developed the pathometer, which measured apparent changes in skin resistance to electricity.
Father Walter G. Summers
This measured apparent changes in skin resistance to electricity.
pathometer
Father Summers used control questions, which he called ____________, carefully selected from the suspect’s life in an attempt to evoke intense pychogalvanic reactions to surprise, anger, shame or anxiety such as ‘Are you living with your wife?’ or ‘Were you ever arrested?’.
emotional standards
He developed the Darrow Behavior Research Photopolygraph (manufactured by C.H. Stoelting Company in Chicago, Illinois).
C.W. Darrow
He was the first FBI polygraphist (FP) and probably the first examiner in the US Federal Government; he established the first federal polygraph research program.
FBI Special Agent E.P. Coffey
The first FBI use of polygraph in espionage was in ______.
1938
He designed the Berkeley Psychograph consisting of a chart drive or recording unit, a pneumograph or respiration unit, a cardiograph or pulse-blood pressure unit, and a stimulus signal unit.
Captain Clarence D. Lee
Manufacturers in the Field of Deception Detection
- Stoelting Company (based at Chicago, Illinois)
- Biometrics Inc.
- Dektor Counter-Intelligence & Security, Inc.
- Lafayette Instrument Company
- National Institute of Truth Verification or NITV
They introduced in 1955 the Deceptograph model cat.no. 22500.
Stoelting Company
It is a polygraph that contained vacuum tubes in its amplifier, which required significant warm-up time before use (30 minutes).
Deceptograph model cat.no. 22500.
They introduced in 1966 the Emotional Stress Monitor (ESM) cat. no. 22600 which was a 3-pen polygraph instrument. The most important innovation in this model was the replacement of the vacuum tubes.
Stoelting Company
In 1968, they introduced a 4-pen ESM consisting of double pneumograph which recorded simultaneously the thoracic and abdominal breathing patterns, in addition to the GSR and the cardiograph. This new instrument provided a kymograph, which recorded tracings an 8-inch chart. This was considered a major improvement in instrumentation by professional polygraphists.
Stoelting Company
Based at Waltham, Massachusetts, they developed a cardio activity monitor (CAM).
Biometrics Inc.
This is designed to obtain from the wrist or thumb the same recording and chart patter obtained with the conventional sphygmograph using the cardio medical cuff normally placed against the brachial artery at the inside upper arm.
cardio activity monitor (CAM)
Based in Savannah, Georgia, they developed a device for the detection of emotional stress in a person’s voice. This device was called Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE) which was used extensively in both the public and private sector in US.
Dektor Counter-Intelligence & Security, Inc.
This is a device for the detection of emotional stress in a person’s voice.
Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE)
They initiated the electronic trend in polygraph instrumentation when it introduced the electronic cardio component.
Lafayette Instrument Company
Based in West Palm Beach, Florida, they produced in the late 1980s what they termed as Computer Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA).
National Institute of Truth Verification or NITV
This is marketed as a convenient replacement for the polygraph.
Computer Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA)
Like the PSE, the ________ analyzes micro-tremors in a person’s voice. However, unlike PSE, this provides real-time graphical outputs or charts that examiners can score or numerically evaluate.
Computer Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA)
