Chapter I-III Flashcards
Statistics in its Plural Sense
is a set of numerical data (e.g, vital statistics in a beauty contest, monthly sales of a company, daily peso-dollar exchange rate)
Statistics in its Singular Sense
is a branch of science that deals with the collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.
What are the general uses of statistics?
It aids in decision-making, summarizes data for public use
Applications of Statistics according to Brad Efron
Scientific Framework in education, agriculture, biology, and medicine.
Increasing influence in astronomy, geology, and physics
What is the role of statistics in biological and medical sciences?
It can help researchers discover relationships of variables and determine if a certain treatment is better than the others.
What is the role of Statistics in the social sciences?
It can help guide researchers to support theories and models that cannot be just rationalized.
What is the role of Statistics in business?
A company can use statistics to forecast sales, design products, and produce goods more efficiently.
What is the role of statistics in engineering?
It can be used to test properties of various materials/
What field of statistics refers to procedures and techniques used in the collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data?
Statistical Methods of Applied Statistics
What field of statistics deals with the development and exposition of theories that serve as bases of statistical metthods?
Statistical Theory of Mathematical Statistics
What major area of statistics has methods concerned with the collection, description, and analysis of a set of data without drawing conclusions or inferences about a larger set?
Descriptive Statistics
Methods concerned with making predictions or inferences about a larger set of data using only the information gathered from a subset of this larger set.
Inferential Statistics
Present the Philippine Population by constructing a graph indicating the total number of Filipinos counted during the last census by age group and sex
Descriptive Statistics
A new milk formulation designed to improve the psychomotor development of infants was tested on randomly selected infants.
Inferential Statistics
Present the number and percentage of summa cum laude, magna cum laude, and cum laude in all UP units in the year 2023.
Descriptive Statistics
This is a collection of all elements under consideration in a statistical study.
Population
This is a part or subset of the Population from which the information is collected
Sample
This is a numerical characteristic of a population. (e.g, population mean, population variance)
Parameter
This is a numerical statistic of the sample. (e.g, sample mean, sample variance, etc)
Statistic
A study was conducted at UP Cebu to analyze the grade weighted average (GWA) of students who marched in the graduation rites last July 21, 2023.
what is the population?
All students in UP Cebu who marched in the graduation rites last July 21, 2023
A study was conducted at UP Cebu to analyze the grade weighted average (GWA) of students who marched in the graduation rites last July 21, 2023.
what is the sample?
A group of UP Cebu students who marched in the graduation rites last July 21, 2023, randomly selected
A study was conducted at UP Cebu to analyze the grade weighted average (GWA) of students who marched in the graduation rites last July 21, 2023.
What is the Parameter?
The GWA of UP Cebu student who marched in the graduation rites last July 21, 2023
What is the Statistic?
The GWA of students in the study who graduated from UP Cebu last year
Cars crashed into a tree at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour. We want to know the proportion of persons in the driver’s seat that would have head injuries. We start with a simple random sample of 75 cars.
What is the Population?
All cars that crashed into a tree at a speed of 100 kilometers in year 2019
Cars crashed into a tree at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour. We want to know the proportion of persons in the driver’s seat that would have head injuries. We start with a simple random sample of 75 cars.
What is the Sample?
The 75 cars that were selected by simple random sampling
Cars crashed into a tree at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour. We want to know the proportion of persons in the driver’s seat that would have head injuries. We start with a simple random sample of 75 cars.
What is the Parameter?
The proportion of persons who would have suffered head injuries in the population
Cars crashed into a tree at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour. We want to know the proportion of persons in the driver’s seat that would have head injuries. We start with a simple random sample of 75 cars.
What is the Statistic?
The proportion of persons who would have suffered head injuries in the sample
A cycle that is used to carry out a statistical investigation in five stages
Statistical Enquiry Cycle
define the problem and investigate the question (First stage of the SEC)
Problem
determine what to measure, what the design of the study is, and what the variables are (Second stage of the SEC)
Plan
Collect Data and Clean it (Third Stage of the SEC
Data
Create graphs and summary statistics, and relate it to the context of the problem. (Fourth Stage of the SEC)
Analysis
Answer the question, and report it to others. This may lead to other questions. (Final stage of the SEC
Conclusion
It is a characteristic or attribute of persons or objects which can assume different values or labels for different persons or objects under consideration
Variable
Classification of Variables
a variable that yields categorical responses
Qualitative
Classification of Variable
a variable that takes on numerical values representing an amount or quantity
Quantitative
Political Affiliation
Qualitative
Occupation
Qualitative
Height
Quantitative
Number of cars
Quantitative
Sex
Qualitative
a quantitative variable which can assume finite, or at most, countably infinite number of values; usually measured by counting or enumeration
Discrete Variable
a quantitative variable which can assume infinitely many values corresponding to a line interval. It is measurable( measured using a continuous scale such as kilos, cms, grams)
Continuous Variable
Number of cars
Discrete
Weight (weight is no always whole)
Continuous
Height
Continuous
Number of dependents
Discrete
Is the process of determining the value or label of a particular variable
Measurement
is the weakest level of measurement where numbers or symbols are used simply for categorizing subjects into different groups
Nominal Level
Contains the properties of the nominal level, and in addition, the number assigned to categories of any variable may be ranked or ordered in some low-high manner
Ordinal Level (Ranking Scale)
has the properties of the nominal and ordinal levels, and in addition, the distances between any two numbers on the scale are of any known sizes. It must have a common and constant unit of measurement that is arbitrary and there is no true zero point.
Interval Level
contains all the properties of the interval level and in addition, it has a true zero point
Ratio Level
Sex
