Chapter I Flashcards
It is said that to achieve the maximum range of a Projectile, it must have an elevation of _________________.
45 degrees
Probable defects in the contents of the Primer Cup
a) Wet priming mixture (due to moisture)
b) The anvil is not properly fixed (slanting position)
c) No vent or flash-hole (factory defects)
d) No priming mixture at all (factory defects)
The windage is placed and attached in the _______________ for adjustment.
rear sight portion
This is caused by the friction of air moving along the middle portion of the body of the bullet.
Skin Friction
This is created during the manufacture, like is spiral cutting of the grooves, the cutter’s edge is not uniform.
Irregularities
Subject of Study under Internal or Interior Ballistics
- Firing pin hits the Primer
- Ignition of Priming Mixture
- Combustion of Gunpowder
- Expansion of the Heated Gas in the Chamber
- Pressure will be Developed
- Energy Generated
- Recoil of the Gun
- Velocity of the Bullet in the Barrel
- Rotation of the Bullet inside the Barrel
- Engraving of the Cylindrical surface of Bullet
It is defined as the science of motion of projectiles.
Ballistics
It is the presentation of the Ballistics Report, photomicrograph and other pieces of physical evidence such as evidence firearms, fired bullets and fired shells and necessary document related to the physical evidence.
Legal Proceedings
Subject of Study under Exterior or External Ballistics
- Muzzle Blast
- Muzzle Energy
- Trajectory
- Range
- Velocity
- Air Resistance
- Pull of Gravity
- Penetration
- Perforation
- Ricochet
- Indentation
- Detonation
- Fragmentation
It is the action of the spiraling Lands and Grooves.
Rifling
It refers to the effect of the air drag on the bullet’s flight and can be used to predict any particular flight and can be used to predict any particular trajectory through drag table which apply to particular bullet and usually published by the bullet manufacturer.
“Ballistics Coefficient”
The __________ in the other side of the bullet due to air bubble during the manufacture of the bullet.
“air space”
It is the study of the motion and traits of projectiles, after it has left from the muzzle of the gun, which includes the condition of the bullets movement, and flight up to the target.
Exterior or External Ballistics
Subjects of Study under Terminal Ballistics
- Terminal Accuracy
- Terminal Energy
- Terminal Velocity
- Terminal Penetration
Given Two or more fired Bullets, determine ______________________________________________________.
if they came from one and the same firearm (or two, or different firearms)
It is the systematized body of knowledge.
Science
It is the driving force of projectiles.
propulsion
These are generated at the muzzle end, whenever the cartridge explodes from a firearm. It will create energy which is expressed in _____________, based on the powder load of the cartridge.
Muzzle Energy; foot pounds
Given and Evidence Bullet and a Suspected Firearm, identify __________________________________________________________________.
whether the submitted evidence bullet was fired from the submitted firearm
The ______________ of particular powder load of the cartridges makes a devastating lesion, caused by the bullet.
knocking power
It is the study of a projectiles behavior from the time it leaves the muzzle until the pressure behind the projectile is equalized, so it lies between internal ballistics and external ballistics.
Transitional Ballistics or Intermediate Ballistics
It is the size of the bullet grouping on the target.
Terminal Accuracy
This is due to the air resistance encountered by the bullet.
“wobbling”
Generally, Ballistics includes…
- Science
- Projectile
- Forensic Ballistics
- Forensic
- Motions
It is a mid-18th century English word that came from the Romans about early 16th century. This was the description of a “catapult” or “gigantic bow” used by the Romans to hurl large stones or arrows at a great distance to kill animals or to fight their enemies.
Ballista (old English Ballistae)
It makes the projectile fall toward the earth while in flight.
Gravitational pull or the force of gravity
Different Systems of Caliber Measurements
- American System (2 digits)
- English System (3 digits)
- Continental or European System
It is the penetration of the bullet on the target which is based on the power and velocity, to ensure depths of the entry of the bullet on the target.
Penetration
Yaw is due to the wind coming from the side of the firer, to solve this dilemma the firer is using gadget known as ________.
“windage”
Given an Evidence Bullet, determine the ______________________ used.
caliber and type or make of firearm
In _________________, the base of the bullet is not balance in density, or the portion of the base of the bullet is lacking in its ideal size due to factory defect.
“Tipping bullet”
When a heated gas created by the gunpowder is developed, a tremendous pressure in the chamber of the firearms.
Pressure will be Developed
After computing, always go to the _________________.
nearest Caliber
The gas expands in different directions that tends the bullet and shell to separate. The shell due to its tremendous pressure inside will also expand towards the wall of the chamber by force.
Expansion of the Heated Gas in the Chamber
It refers to the fatal equivalent of bullet compared to a pound that is drop from a certain height.
Energy
This refers to the physical action of high explosives.
Detonation
It is a Greek word which means “to throw.”
Ballo or Ballein
To propel the bullet, __________________________________________.
priming mixture and gunpowder must explode simultaneously
Given a fired Cartridge Case, determine the ______________________ used.
caliber and type or make of firearm
This is used to load the proper amount of gunpowder in every ammunition.
“Ballistics Data”
This refers to the speed of the bullet upon striking or hitting the target, which is express in ___________ or _____________.
Terminal Velocity; foot per second; meter per second
Given a Cartridge Case and a Suspected Firearm, determine _____________________________________________________________.
whether the spent cartridge case was fired from the submitted suspected firearm
The firing pin should hit the primer in order to explode.
Firing pin hits the Primer
Kinds of range
a) Accurate or Effective Range
b) Maximum or Absolute Maximum Range
Technical examination is the role of the ___________ or ___________________ in the field of science.
ballistician or forensic firearms examiner
This is due to the pressure and disturbance of the air behind the base of the bullet.
Base Drag
Given Two or more fired Cartridge cases, determine _______________________________________________________.
if they came from one and the same firearm (or two, or different firearms)
The speed of the bullet inside the barrel depends on the _________________ inside the cartridge case.
AMOUNT OF GUNPOWDER
The damage to a target can be produced by…
Impact, Blast, Heat, Fragmentation, Fire, Radiation and Chemical or Bacteriological Action.
Three parts of drag of bullet
a) Bow Resistance
b) Skin Friction
c) Base Drag
Kinds of Motion
- Direct Motion
- Rotary Motion
- Translational Motion
It refers to the distance within which the shooter or the firer has control of his shot meaning he can place his shot at the desire spot.
Accurate or Effective Range
It is the stability of the bullet within the effective range due to the twist of the rifling.
“Gyroscopic Stability”
It is applied to ballistics or to any other subjects in relationship to a court of justice and legal proceedings.
Forensic
It is the study of the effect of the impact of the bullet on the target.
Terminal Ballistics
____________, Ballistics is concerned with projectiles fired from small arms and cannons, but it may be concerned also with the free flight of bombs and rockets.
Ordinarily
It is expressed in thousandths of an inch such as Cal .357, .380, .223 and etc.
English System (3 digits)
It is used by the Romans to hurl large stones or arrows at a great distance to kill animals or to fight their enemies.
“catapult” or “gigantic bow”
It is closely associated with terminal ballistics, however it is primarily concerned with the nature and medical implications of physical injury and shock caused by bullets and explosively driven fragments.
Wound Ballistics
This refers to the depths of the entry of the bullet on the target.
Terminal Penetration
It is expressed in hundredths of an inch such as Cal .45, .38, .25 and etc.
American System (2 digits)
It is the portion of the breechblock exactly the same size with the base of the shell near the firing pin hole.
Breechface
It is the science of firearms identification by means of ammunition fired through them.
Forensic Ballistics
If priming mixture is live and gunpowder is defective or wet, _________________________________.
only the priming mixture will explode
It is the movement of projectiles after hitting the target and no rotation takes place such as bouncing of the bullet after hitting a resistant surface.
Translational Motion
Defects in firearm that cause to misfire
a) Broken firing pin
b) Loose firing pin
c) Lacking length in the firing pin (especially homemade gun)
This is the curved path in the horizontal flight of the bullet, which usually occurred a few meters away from the muzzle of the firearm called _________.
Trajectory; “wobbling”
The speed of the bullet inside the barrel depends on the AMOUNT OF GUNPOWDER inside the cartridge case.
Velocity of the Bullet in the Barrel
These may happen if there is stock-up.
“Backfire” and Barrel Breakage”
In the ________________, Ballistics deals with the motion and behavior of projectiles such as bullets, rockets, bombs, and guided missiles.
branch of Engineering
Sub-Areas or Branches of Ballistics
- Wound Ballistics
- Handgun Ballistics
- Shotgun Ballistics
- Rifle Ballistics
- Air Gun Ballistics
- Shot Ballistics
It is the resistance encountered by the bullet in flight, which is early experience by the bullet few meters away from the muzzle of the gun.
Air Resistance
Forensic was derived from the Latin word ________ which means _________ that means a ________________ wherein people gathered for discussion of a subject in issue.
“Forensis”; “Forum”; “public or marketplace”
It is the process of shattering and breaking up of bullets into fragments.
Fragmentation
In horizontal flight of bullet, most firearms have ______________ that cause the person to be thrown on the ground or falls ground.
“knocking effect”
It is the sideways hitting of bullet resulting to oval-like entry of bullet caused by yaw.
“keyhole shot”
It is the unstable movement of bullet in flight.
“yaw”
It is whereby the projectile may strike into a target to some depth, leaving an indentation or crater.
Indentation
At two hundred yards and average military rifle projectiles, will penetrate about _________ depth in loam soil, _________ depth in oak tree, ________ depth in dry sand and _________ depth in concrete or cemented wall.
twenty four (24) inches; fourteen (14) inches; seven (7) inches; four (4) inches
It is the destructive action of projectiles.
impact
This is caused by the tools used in the manufacture of the chamber, and the metal chips remove from drilling operation.
Scratches
It is the creation of face to face opening.
Perforation
When the bullet is driven by the heated gas by tremendous pressure towards the muzzle end, the bullet will rotate following the riflings inside the gun barrel.
Rotation of the Bullet inside the Barrel
A projectile’s ability to damage a target depends on the ____________________________________________________________________________________.
size, shape, weight, speed, and composition of the projectile including the composition of the target
It refers to the farthest distance that a projectile can be propelled from a firearm, up to final vertical drop to the ground.
Maximum or Absolute Maximum Range
It refers to the investigation and identification of firearms by means of ammunitions fired from the submitted suspected firearms.
Forensic Ballistics
Air resistance usually called _____________________ which reduces the speed of the bullet.
“aerodynamic drag,”
It is the failure of the cartridge to explode after the firing pin strikes the primer.
“misfire”
Given a Firearm, determine _______________________________.
if serviceable or not by test firing
This is due to air pressure at the head of the bullet.
Bow Resistance
It is the rearward movement of the gun caused by equal and opposite reaction of the gun against the forward movement of the bullet after the explosion.
recoil
It deals with the destructive actions and effects of projectile at the end of its flight.
Terminal ballistics
It is the bouncing of a projectile after hitting a surface.
Ricochet
It is the movement or action of projectiles launched from firearms.
Motions
This is attached to the muzzle of the gun to reduce recoil.
“Compensator or Muzzle Brake”
This is beyond the control of man, like the accidental slope in making bore of the barrel, beyond the desire caliber cause by the drill blade.
Imperfection
The “Gyroscopic Stability” happens only to _________________.
“Rifled-Bore Barrels”
PSI
per square inch
The impact between the base of the cartridge case and the breechface of the firearm will create marking called ____________________.
“Breechface Mark”
It is a sound or noise created at the muzzle end of the gun. This is caused by the sudden exit of the heated gas coming in contact with air in the surrounding atmosphere at the muzzle end.
Muzzle Blast
It is the forward movement of the projectile inside the gun barrel resulting from the expanding force of gasses produced after combustion of the gunpowder.
Direct Motion
This is caused by not polishing very well, the entire length of the surface of the chamber or bore of the barrel.
Roughness
It is the gyrating action (rotating or spinning), either right or left, inside or outside barrel with the action of the spiralling Lands and Grooves or known as rifling.
Rotary Motion
These causes individual characteristics.
“Chamber Markings”
The lands and grooves, starting from the breech end up to the muzzle end of the barrel, will engraved in the body of the bullet, depending on the number of lands and grooves as part of the class characteristics of firearm.
Engraving of the Cylindrical surface of Bullet
In _____________, Ballistics is frequently used to Firearms Identification.
Police Parlance
It is the downward reaction of the bullet towards earth center, due to its weight.
Pull of Gravity
It is the speed of the bullet per unit of the time, which is express in ___________________, this could be determined by an instrument known as chronograph.
Velocity; foot per second
It refers to the work of an investigator in the field.
Field Investigation
After the primer crushed the priming mixture against the anvil there will be Ignition of priming mixture and primer flash, ignited priming mixture enters the vent or canal and the primer flash ignites the gunpowder and combustion happens.
Combustion of Gunpowder
This is the area of ballistics that deals with the motion of the projectile from the time it leaves the muzzle until the only forces acting upon it are due to exterior ballistics.
Transitional Ballistics or Intermediate Ballistics
Stages of trajectory
a) Straight horizontal line
b) Parabola like flight
c) Vertical drop
It is the measurement of the diameter of the wound (in inches) including the outermost perforations and then subtract 1 to arrive at the range of yards.
Approximation of Range
Branches of Ballistics
- Internal or Interior Ballistics
- Exterior or External Ballistics
- Terminal Ballistics
- Forensic Ballistics
- Transitional Ballistics or Intermediate Ballistics
Individual characteristics found in the chamber or bore of the barrel of the firearms
a) Irregularities
b) Scratches
c) Roughness
d) Imperfection
Phases of Forensic Ballistics under Investigation
- Field Investigation
- Technical Examination
- Legal Proceedings
Velocity could be determined by an instrument known as ________________.
chronograph
If the priming mixture explodes several seconds after the firing pin blow the primer, the delay of explosion is known as ____________.
“hangfire”
It is a lubricant substance that spreads and eventually prevents adherence of metal inside the barrel.
“graphite”
He is the pioneer in the field of forensic ballistics, and was an expert in identifying firearm from the fired bullets.
Dr. Albert Llewellyn Hall
In a ____________, Ballistics is the science of projectiles in motion from the moment of firing until impact at the target. It covers the scientific study of the propulsion (driving force), flight, and impact (destructive action) of projectiles
technical sense
It is expressed in millimeters such as 9mm, 5.56mm, 7.62mm and etc.
Continental or European System
It is the energy of the bullet when it strike the target. This refers to the fatal equivalent of a bullet when it struck the target.
Terminal Energy
It is the straight distance from the muzzle of the gun to the target.
Range
In order to ignite the priming mixture, it must be live and potent and must be devoid of any moisture.
Ignition of Priming Mixture
It refers to the examination or comparison conducted by Firearm examiner.
Technical Examination
It is a steel brush to remove the metal left in the barrel.
“metal fowling”
In the ___________, Ballistics refers to the study of projectiles, firearms and ammunitions including the characteristics of firearm that affect the way projectiles are fired.
broadest sense
It refers to metallic or non-metallic object such as bullet, slug, ball, pellet and flechette that passes through the barrel of a firearms.
Projectile
If priming mixture is defective, _____________________.
no explosion
It deals with the motion of a projectile while it is from breech to the muzzle of barrel. It is the study focused on what happens inside the gun during firing.
Internal or Interior Ballistics
Kinetic Energy Principle
In every action, there is corresponding opposite reaction.
In _________________, the bullet will just move forward with no stability.
“Smooth-Bore Barrels”
