Chapter Four-Systemic Diseases And Ocular Manifestations

Question 0

Respiratory System

Answer 0

The structures primarily involved in exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide; includes the nasal passages, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Question 1

Cardiovascular System

Answer 1

The body system consisting of the heart and blood vessels (arteries and veins).

Question 2

Endocrine System

Answer 2

The body system consisting of multiple glands that produce chemicals called hormones, which regulate various bodily functions.

Question 3

Hormones

Answer 3

Regulating substances produced by various endocrine glands (such as the thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal), and transported by the blood to targeted organs to initiate a specific reaction or effect.

Question 4

Nervous System

Answer 4

The body system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Question 5

Ptosis

Answer 5

Drooping of the upper eyelid most commonly caused by the levator muscle’s inability to lift the eyelid to its full extent. May be congenital or acquired.

Question 6

Diplopia

Answer 6

Double vision.

Question 7

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

Answer 7

Inflammation of the cornea and conjunctive caused by dry eyes.

Question 8

Proptosis

Answer 8

A condition characterized by a protruding eyeball; caused by an increase in volume of the orbital contents. Also called exopthalmos.

Question 9

Exposure Keratopathy

Answer 9

The pathologic change that occurs to the cornea when it is partially or completely unprotected by the eyelids for extended periods of time.

Question 10

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)

Answer 10

Obstruction of blood flow in the main feeder vessel of the retina(central retinal artery).

Question 11

Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)

Answer 11

Obstruction of blood flow in a tributary vessel of the central retinal artery.

Question 12

Temporal Arteritis/Giant Cell Arteritis

Answer 12

A systemic autoimmune disease with invasion of large inflammatory cells into arteries that can cause obstruction of the central retinal artery leading to blindness.

Question 13

Chlamydiae

Answer 13

A type of bacteria.

Question 14

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

Answer 14

A herpesvirus that produces chicken pox and the skin disease zoster, or shingles.

Question 15

Herpes Simplex Virus

Answer 15

In ophthalmology, a type of virus that infects the cornea, producing branch-like ulcers (dendritic keratitis).

Question 16

Ocular Histoplasmosis

Answer 16

Retinal changes presumed to be caused by the microorganism Histoplasma with some lesions affecting the macula, resulting in loss of central vision.