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Ophthalmology > Chapter 2-Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 2-Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Cornea

A

The clear membrane at the front of the globe that begins the process of focusing light the eye receives.

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1
Q

Globe/Eyeball

A

The eye, without its surrounding structure.

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2
Q

Iris

A

The colored circle of tissues that controls the amount of light entering the eye by enlarging or reducing the size of its aperture, the pupil.

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3
Q

Pupil

A

The opening in the center of the iris that enlarges or dilates (admitting more light) and reduces or constricts (admitting less light).

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4
Q

Crystalline Lens (Lens)

A

Part of the optical focusing system of the eye immediately behind the iris.

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5
Q

Vitreous/Vitreous Body

A

The clear, jelly-like substance that fills the space behind the lens.

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6
Q

Retina

A

The inner lining of the posterior segment of the eyeball; consists of a layer of light-sensitive cells that convert images from the optical system into electric impulses sent along the optic nerve for transmission to the brain.

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7
Q

Optic Nerve

A

The nerve that carries electric impulses to the brain’s visual cortex, where they are integrated to produce the sensation of sight.

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8
Q

Axial Length of the Globe

A

The length of the eyeball from front (cornea) to back (retina), measured through the optical center.

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9
Q

CCT

A

Central thickness of the cornea.

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10
Q

Pachymetry

A

An instrument that measures the distance between the corneal epithelium and the corneal endothelium (corneal thickness).

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11
Q

Refractive Power

A

The ability of a substance to refract light expressed quantitatively by either its index of refraction or it’s refractivity.

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12
Q

Diopters

A

The unit of measure of the power of a lens.

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13
Q

Adnexa

A

The tissues and structures surrounding the eye, includes the orbit, extraocular muscles, eyelids, and lacrimal apparatus.

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14
Q

Orbit

A

The bony cavity in the skull that houses the globe, extraocular muscles, blood vessels, and nerves.

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15
Q

Blowout Fracture

A

An injury caused by blunt force applied to the eye, creating pressure that fractures the orbital bones.

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16
Q

Extraocular Muscles

A

The six muscles that attach to the outside of the globe and control it’s movements.

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17
Q

Medial Rectus Muscle

A

Extraocular muscle attached to the inner (nasal) side of the globe; function is to move the eye inward toward the nose (adduction).

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18
Q

Lateral Rectus Muscle

A

Extraocular muscle attached to the outer (temperol) side of the globe; moves the eye outward toward the ear (abduction).

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19
Q

Superior Oblique Muscle

A

Extraocular muscle attached to the upper side of the globe; three functions are to rotate the eye downward and outward and to rotate inward.

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20
Q

Inferior Oblique Muscle

A

Extraocular muscle attached to the underside of the globe; three functions are to move the eye upward and outward and to rotate the eye outward.

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21
Q

Superior Rectus Muscle

A

Extraocular muscle attached to the upper side of the globe; three functions are to elevate the eye, turn the eye inward, and rotate the eye inward.

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22
Q

Inferior Rectus Muscle

A

Extraocular muscle attached to the underside of the globe; three functions are to move the eye downward and inward toward the nose (adduction) and rotate the eye outward.

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23
Q

Binocular Vision

A

The blending of the separate images seen by each eye into one image; occurs when both eyes are directed toward a single target and perfectly aligned.

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24
Q

Fusion

A

The blending by the brain of the separate images received by the two eyes so that a single view is perceived even when the eyes move.

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25
Q

Strabismus

A

A misalignment of the eyes that may cause vision to be disturbed; occurs when the extraocular muscles do not work in a coordinated manner.

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26
Q

Eyelids

A

The complex movable cover of the purer portion of the eyeball. This consists of an upper and lower component of skin, tarsus, delicate muscles, eyelashes, glands, and conjunctiva.

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27
Q

Palpebral Fissure

A

The almond-shaped opening between the upper and lower eyelids.

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28
Q

Medial Canthus

A

The point where the upper and lower eyelids meet on the nasal side.

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29
Q

Lateral Canthus

A

The point where the upper and lower eyelids on the temporal side.

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30
Q

Anterior

A

The front part of a structure.

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31
Q

Cilia

A

The eyelashes.

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32
Q

Trichiasis

A

An abnormality of the eyelid that causes eyelashes to turn in the wrong direction and rub against the surface of the eye.

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33
Q

Stye/External Hordeolum

A

An infection or inflammation of a Zeis gland located on the eyelid margin in a lash follicle.

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34
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back.

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35
Q

Meibomian Glands

A

Multiple specialized glands in the upper and lower eyelids that secrete the oily part of the tear film.

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36
Q

Internal Hordeolum

A

An acute infection of a meibomian gland in the eyelid; when chronic, the condition is called a chalazion.

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37
Q

Chalazion

A

A chronic inflammation resulting from an obstructed meibomian gland in the eyelid; associated with infection.

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38
Q

Blepharitis

A

A common inflammation of the eyelid margin.

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39
Q

Tarsus/Tarsal Plate

A

The dense, plate-like framework within the middle layer of each eyelid that gives the eyelids their firmness and shape.

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40
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

The circular muscle, located in the middle layer of the eyelids, that closes the eye when it contracts, as in winking.

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41
Q

Levator Palpebrae

A

The muscle attached to the tarsal plate in the middle layer of the upper eyelids that raises the eyelid when it contracts.

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42
Q

Ptosis

A

Drooping of the upper eyelid most commonly caused by the levator muscle’s inability to lift the eyelid to its full extent. May be congenital or acquired.

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43
Q

Ectropion

A

A condition in which the eyelid margin is everted (turned) outward from the globe; may be degeneration of or damage to the eyelid tissues.

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44
Q

Entropion

A

A condition in which the upper or lower lid margin is turned inward.

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45
Q

Conjunctiva

A

A thin, translucent mucous membrane extending from the outer corneal border over the globe and the inner surface of the eyelids.

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46
Q

Palpebral Conjunctiva

A

The portion of the conjunctiva that lines the inner eyelids.

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47
Q

Bulbar Conjunctiva

A

The portion of the conjunctiva that covers the globe to the edge of the cornea.

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48
Q

Fornix/Cul-De-Sac

A

The loose pocket of conjunctival tissue where the palpebral and bulbar portions of the conjunctiva meet in the recess of the upper and lower lids.

49
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

An inflammation of the conjunctiva that causes swelling of the small conjunctival vessels, making the eye appear red; it may be caused by bacterial or viral infection, allergy, or exposure to environmental agents such as chlorinated swimming pool water; also called pink eye.

50
Q

Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

A

A rupture of a conjunctival blood vessel that allows blood to flow under the tissue and produces a bright-red flat area on the conjunctiva.

51
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

A

The structures for tear production and drainage.

52
Q

Tear Film

A

The moist coating, composed of three layers, that covers the anterior surface of the globe.

53
Q

Lacrimal Gland

A

The gland that produces the watery substance making up the middle layer of the tear film; located in the lateral part of the upper lid.

54
Q

Mucinous

A

Sticky

55
Q

Goblet Cell

A

The type of cell in the conjunctiva that produces the sticky fluid (mucin) that comprises the innermost tear-film layer.

56
Q

Foreign Body Sensation

A

A feeling of eye irritation or grittiness.

57
Q

Schirmer Tear Test

A

A test that used a strip of filter paper to measure the patient’s tear output and helps to confirm the diagnosis of dry-eye conditions.

58
Q

Phenol Red Thread Tear Test

A

A test that aids in the diagnosis of dry eye and uses cotton threads treated with a pH indicator to measure the patient’s tear production.

59
Q

Upper Punctum

A

The tiny opening on the upper eyelid margin near the nose, through which tears pass.

60
Q

Lower Punctum

A

The tiny opening on the lower eyelid margin near the nose through which tears pass.

61
Q

Punctum (Plural-Puncta)

A

The tiny opening on the upper eyelid margin (upper punctum) and lower eyelid margin (lower punctum) near the nose, through which tears pass.

62
Q

Upper Lacrimal Canaliculus

A

One of 2 small channels (plural canaliculi) that starts at the punctum in the upper eyelid mad drains tears from the surface of the eye to the lacrimal sac.

63
Q

Lower Lacrimal Canaliculus

A

One of 2 small channels (plural canaliculi) that starts at the punctum in the lower eyelid and drains tears from the surface of the eye to the lacrimal sac.

64
Q

Lacrimal Sac

A

The sace that holds tears after they pass through canaliculi, which empty through the nasolacrimal duct into the nasal cavity.

65
Q

Nasolacrimal Duct

A

The duct through which tears pass from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity.

66
Q

Dacryocystitis

A

Inflammation of the lacrimal sac; usually caused by blockage or obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct.

67
Q

Anterior Segment

A

The front of the eye; includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the vitreous.

68
Q

Posterior Segment

A

The rear portion of the eye; includes the vitreous and the retina.

69
Q

Corneal Epithelium

A

The outermost corneal layer, which lies above Bowman’s membrane and provides defense against infection and injury.

70
Q

Bowman’s Membrane

A

The second corneal layer that lies under the outermost epithelium and above the stroma; also known as the anterior limiting membrane.

71
Q

Corneal Stroma

A

The third, or middle, corneal layer, which lies under Bowman’s membrane and above Descemet’s membrane; it contributes to corneal rigidity.

72
Q

Descemet’s Membrane

A

The fourth corneal layer that lies above the innermost endothelium and below the stroma; it contributes to corneal rigidity.

73
Q

Corneal Endothelium

A

The fifth, innermost corneal layer that lies under Descemet’s membrane; it is composed of a single layer of cells that maintains proper fluid balance within the cornea.

74
Q

Corneal Abrasion

A

A scratch or other defect in the superficial cornea (epithelium) caused by trauma.

75
Q

Corneal Ulcer

A

Pathological condition involving a defect in the corneal surface and associated with inflammation; infectious ulcers are caused by a pathogenic microorganism.

76
Q

Sclera

A

The outer fibrous tissue of the globe, which surrounds the cornea and forms the wall of the eye; protects infra ocular contents.

77
Q

Limbus

A

The junction between the sclera and the cornea.

78
Q

Anterior Chamber

A

The small compartment. Between the cornea and the iris that is filled with a clear, transparent fluid called aqueous humor.

79
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

The clear, transparent fluid that fills the anterior chamber.

80
Q

Anterior Chamber Angle/Filtration Angle

A

The junction of the cornea and the iris, from which aqueous humor leaves the eye.

81
Q

Canal of Schlemm

A

A structure that drains the aqueous humor from the anterior chamber after it has flowed through the trabecular meshwork.

82
Q

Aqueous Veins

A

Collector channels.

83
Q

Uvea/Uveal Tract

A

The pigmented layers of the eye (iris, ciliary body, and choroid) that contain the majority of the blood vessel supply.

84
Q

Dilator Muscle

A

The iris muscle that dilates the pupil in reduced light conditions; fibers from this muscle stretch from the pupil to the outer boundaries of the iris.

85
Q

Sphincter Muscle

A

The muscle that encircles the pupil and makes the pupil smaller in response to bright light.

86
Q

Posterior Chamber

A

The space between the back of the iris and the front of the vitreous; the crystalline lens is suspended in this chamber, which is filled with aqueous fluid.

87
Q

Ciliary Body

A

A band-like structure of muscle and secretory tissue that extends from the edge of the iris and encircles the inside of the sclera.

88
Q

Ciliary Process

A

A finger-like extension of the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor.

89
Q

Ciliary Muscle

A

The muscle fibers in the ciliary body of the uveal tract that are involved in accommodation.

90
Q

Choroid

A

A layer of tissue largely made up of blood vessels that nourishes the retina; it lies between the sclera and the retina in the uveal tract.

91
Q

Zonule

A

A transparent fiber that supports the lens by attaching to the ciliary body. Assists in the accommodative process.

92
Q

Cortex

A

A clear paste-like protein that surrounds the nucleus of the crystalline lens.

93
Q

Accommodation

A

The change in the curvature of the crystalline lens that helps to focus images of objects close to the eye.

94
Q

Presbyopia

A

The progressive loss of the accommodative ability of the lens, due to natural processes of aging.

95
Q

Opacification

A

Clouding of a structure, as in the normally clear ocular media, most often seen in the cornea or lens; lenticular opacification (cataract) occurs in many people over 65.

96
Q

Cataract

A

An opacified or clouded lens.

97
Q

Floaters

A

Small particles of dead cells or other debris that become suspended in the vitreous, or particles of the vitreous itself that degenerate in the normal aging process; they cast shadows on the retina and appear as spots or cobwebs.

98
Q

Pigment Epithelium

A

The outer layer of the retina; lies against the choroid.

99
Q

Photoreceptor

A

A light-sensitive cell.

100
Q

Rod

A

The retinal photoreceptor largely responsible for vision in dim light (scotopic or “night vision”) and for peripheral vision.

101
Q

Cone

A

The retinal photoreceptor largely responsible for sharp central vision and for color perception.

102
Q

Optic Disc/Optic Nerve Head

A

The

Ovation where the central retinal artery enters and the ventral retinal vein, as well as the nerve fibers, exit.

103
Q

Macula

A

The specialized area of the retina close to the center of the back of the eye that provides detailed central vision.

104
Q

Fovea

A

The center of the macula.

105
Q

Bipolar Cell

A

A type of retinal cell that accepts electric (nerve) impulses from the photo-receptors and passes them to the ganglion cells.

106
Q

Ganglion Cell

A

The type of retinal cell that accepts electric (nerve) impulses from the bipolar cells and sends the impulses via axons through the optic disc to the brain.

107
Q

Axon

A

The long fiber-like portion of a ganglion cell that courses over the surface of the retina and converges at the optic disc.

108
Q

Physiologic Blind Spot

A

The sightless “hole” in the normal vision field corresponding to the optic disc where there are no photoreceptors.

109
Q

Cup

A

Small central depression on the optic disc.

110
Q

Cup/Disc Ratio

A

The fraction that compares the size of the cup to the size to the optic disc.

111
Q

Rim

A

The tissue surrounding the cup.

112
Q

Optic Atrophy

A

Thinning of the rim;a pale appearance of the cup and rim.

113
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The body system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

114
Q

(Retrobulbar) Visual Pathway

A

The route that is taken by light-generated nerve impulses after they leave the eye.

115
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

The point behind the eye in the brain where the two optic nerves merge and the axon fibers from the nasal retina of each eye cross to the opposite side.

116
Q

Optic Tract

A

The part of the brain between the optic chiasm and the lateral geniculate body.

117
Q

Lateral Geniculate Body

A

The part of the brains long the visual pathway where optic fibers synapse to the optic radiations and transmit visual impulses.

118
Q

Synapse

A

The connection between nerves, where electric (nerve) impulses are transmitted.

119
Q

Optic Radiations

A

The nerve fibers that transmit visual information from the lateral geniculate body.

120
Q

Visual Cortex

A

The area of the brain responsible for the initial conscious registration of visual information; the designation of electric (nerve) impulses from the retina.

Ophthalmology (6 decks)

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