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Psychology 465- Language Development > Chapter Four- Phonological Development > Flashcards

Chapter Four- Phonological Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Speech Sounds?

A
  • acoustic signals that language uses to express meaning
  • different languages have different inventories of sounds they use (waves that go into the ear)
  • distinctive features of sounds that a language uses to create a meaning contest (eg. Voicing and aspiration)
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2
Q

What are bilabial sounds

A

-these are sounds occurring in the vocal tract and lips (two lips)

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3
Q

Are vowels obstructed ?

A

no

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4
Q

Are consonants obstructed?

A

yes, somewhere in the vocal tract

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5
Q

Human vocal tract parts

A
  • nasal cavity
  • lips
  • alveolar ridge
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • larynx
  • epiglottis
  • vocal cords
  • trachea
  • esophagus
  • lungs
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6
Q

How does the air flow through the human vocal tract?

A
  • from the lungs to the trachea, passes the larynx with the vocal cords vibrating then to the pharynx, depending on the sound air would stop either in the parts of the mouth or not at all
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7
Q

What is Phonetics?

A
  • the study of speech sounds, these are not the same as the alphabet letters
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8
Q

What is phonology? How many sounds does the english language have?

A
  • the sound system of language, contains 26 letters but we use 45 different sounds in english
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9
Q

What is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A
  • a more detailed alphabet that accurately captures the sounds really being used
  • each symbol can be pronounced only one way and every sound has its own symbol
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10
Q

How do you read the Canadian English Consonants Chart?

A
  • along the top: the place of articulation / where the sound is made
  • along the left side: the manner of articulation / how the sound is made
  • two symbols in the same box? left is voiceless and right is voiced
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11
Q

What are the phonetic features of speech sounds?

A
  1. Manner of articulation
  2. Place are articulation
  3. Voicing
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12
Q

What is the manner of articulation?

A
  • it is the HOW the sound is made
  • is the airflow blocked?
  • vowels: the tongue does not block the air at all, the airflow is completely unobstructed !
  • Stop- Consonants: the air is completely stopped and then released
  • Fricatives: the air is partly blocked
  • we also send air through the nasal passage for some sounds
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13
Q

What is the place of articulation?

A
  • WHERE the sound is made
  • the tongue can also block airflow in many places from the front (/t/) of the mouth to the middle (/r/) to the back (/k/)
  • we can also block airflow further down our throats as with the glottal stop
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14
Q

What is Voicing ?

A
  • WHEN the sound is made
  • when the vocal cords start vibrating
  • voiced: cords start vibrating early, usually before the sound is released
  • voiceless: cords may not vibrate at all
  • you can tell by touching your vocal cords
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15
Q

Do voiced sounds Vibrate your vocal cords?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What are phones?

A

any sound

17
Q

What is a Phoneme?

A

symbols on the phonetic table, sounds of any langauge

18
Q

What are allophones

A

sounds that do not differentiate meaning (aspirated vs un-aspirated)
eg. Lit , little, lite

19
Q

What is aspiration?

A
  • aspirated sounds create a little puff of air eg. /p/

- non aspirated words do not release a puff of are eg. /b/

20
Q

Chronological Development of speech sounds

A
  • 3 months: cooing
  • 5 months: laughing, playful sounds
  • 6 months: speech-like babbling sounds
  • 1 year: babbles linger strings of sounds
  • 3 years: familiar people understand the child’s speech
  • 4 years: y and v in words, most people understand the childs speech
21
Q

What are Stark’s Stages of Prelinguistic Speech Development

A
  1. (0-2m) Reflexive Crying and Vegetative sounds
    eg. Burping
  2. (2-4m) Cooing and Laughter
  3. (4-6m) Vocal Play
  4. (6-9 m) Canonical Babbling (Reduplicated Babbling)
  5. (9-12m) Variegated Babbling
22
Q

What are Vegetative sounds in newborns?

A
  • natural part of biological functioning
    eg. burping, breathing, sucking, etc)
  • use the same basic processes of speech, such as air moving through the mouth and vibration of vocal cords
23
Q

Explain the Cooing and Laughter stage of Stark’s Prelinguistic Speech Development

A
  • 2 to 4 months
  • sounds of happiness
  • social interaction elicits cooing
  • first coos sound like one long vowel (oooooo)
  • later vowel-like sounds strung together separated by breathe
  • Laughter develops around 16 weeks or 4 months
24
Q

Explain the Vocal Play stage of Stark’s Prelinguistic Speech Development

A

4-6 months

  • consonants and vowels
  • appear to be developing their own control over production abilities
  • Marginal Babbling
  • Squealing, growl and other sounds
  • consonants follow a typical trajectory (velars then move to articulated at front of mouth)
25
Q

Explain the Canonical stage of Stark’s Prelinguistic Speech Development (reduplicated babbling)

A

6-9 months

  • reduplicated babbling: repeated sets of syllables (mama)
  • babbling used in communicative and non-communicative settings
  • this is the first development the distinguishes the vocal development of hearing children from that of deaf children
  • deaf infants rarely producing babbling speech, maybe in signing tho
26
Q

what is Marginal Babbling?

A
  • when infants string together sounds into increasingly complex series
    vowel- consonant or vice versa
27
Q

Explain the Variegated Babbling stage of Stark’s Prelinguistic Speech Development

A

9-12 months

  • non-reduplicated
  • consists of series of syllables that are different from each other (domido)
  • prosody becomes more noticeable
  • sound like they are speaking but it is just a melody of language without the words aka jargon
28
Q

What is the Babbling Drift?

A
  • prior to babbling, the development of pre-speech sounds does not seem to differ much by language
  • though when they do start babbling they appear to babble in their native language
  • acoustic signals of babbling has found that the content of babble depend on the language
29
Q

What are the Biological Processes of the development of speech sounds?

A
  • physical growth: in the first year the vocal tract becomes larger and more adult-like in shape, the increased size of the oral cavity gives the tongue more room to maneuver
  • Nervous System Maturation: cooing may be linked to the maturation of the limbic system (associated with emotional expression) , babbling may depend on prefrontal cortex development
30
Q

What are the Experiential Processes of the development of speech sounds?

A
  • the language of surrounding adults influence the sounds and intonation of speech
  • hearing their own speech through vocal play, auditory feedback
  • social feedback: parents who provide social feedback to vocalizations may encourage more vocal production in infants (treating babbling as conversational speech)
31
Q

What are Protowords?

A
  • during the transition between babbling and the appearance of the first word, children often produce their own invented words
  • idiosyncratic sound sequence
32
Q

what age can children recognize when a familiar word is mispronounced?

A

11 months

33
Q

what age do accents affect children till?

A

1 year

34
Q

what is reduplication

A

the production of two identical syllables based on one of the syllables in the target word

35
Q

what is a canonical template ?

A

consonant + vowel + /j/ + vowel + consonant

36
Q

What is final consonant deletion

A

The omission of the final consonant in the target word
eg. Tea- team
We-week

37
Q

Weak Syllable Deletion

A

Omission of an unstressed syllable in the target word

eg. banana, nanana

Psychology 465- Language Development (12 decks)

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