chapter four- African Americans in the North and South

Question 1

context of the division between North and South

Answer 1

the treatment of black people would be worse in the south
“plessy Vs Ferguson” separate but equal
de jure segregation would be evident in the south, segregation in law.
great migration- the move would be a political one as well as an economic one as the african american people could get away from the horrors of the jim crown laws and the clauses such as the grandfather clauses.

Question 2

NAACP

Answer 2

Would be a group of reformers, men/women from all backgrounds and they would advocate for civil liberties for all.
would seek to re-educate people a monthly magazine Called the crisis would be issued
1920, 300 local branches.
1915 court cases, wanting to campaign for peoples right to vote.
will work with the judiciary
key litigation:
Smith Vs Allwright 1944 and this would allow African Americans to vote in primaries in Texas and this would give black people greater influence.
Morgan vs Virginia 1946 transport segregation on interstate buses was illegal and this would showcase that black people should be able to be further integrated into society.
sweat vs painter 1950- this would argue that the separate but equal laws would not be legal regarding a white only Texas law school.
the NAACP will locate the weaknesses in the system and will seek to change that regarding the Jim crow laws.
they would be the most successful civil rights groups and would be largely successful in their approach to undermine the ruling of plessy v. Ferguson.
the cases that they won would allow them to raise significant donations that would help the group to par take in the largest court case since 1909, with the brown vs board of education case.

Question 3

CORE

Answer 3

this would be founded in 1942 by James Farmer who would be interested in non-violent protest, will also begin to work with the NAACP.
journey of reconciliation 1947- will shine a light on the continued prejudice, it would be made clear that interstate buses would have to be made un-segregated though it would be clear that this is no longer the case, display that the journey to equality was far from over. they would take a two week bus journey through North Carolina.

Question 4

different justices that would be appointed by presidents and their opinions?

Answer 4

Felix Frankfurter- status quo
hugo black- states cannot waver from the federal constitution.
fred vision- sought to resolved division

Question 5

NUL 1910

Answer 5

was a merger of 3 different groups, NUL is a charity and is dedicated to helping black new comers.

Question 6

NOI 1930

Answer 6

would be a complex group that would suggest that all black people should have a place in Islam and white and black people should be separated, would use violent methods.
will campaign for segregation in a positive way
would promote black self=reliance
this would be created in 1930 and would hold the belief that original men were black and white men had been created by an evil scientist.

Question 7

the growing status of African Americans

Answer 7

Adam Clayton Powell will be elected to the house of representatives in 1945 and Louis Armstrong will find fame in Jazz

Question 8

African American service men and women

Answer 8

in WW2 they would still face segregated units though they would take on combat roles.
Red Cross would not accept blood donations from black men, when black and white soldiers would be stationed in British towns.
it is important to note that black soldiers would receive a positive reception from British people this is because they were regarded as liberators.
The Selective Training and Service Act would become the nations first peace time draft law in 1940, more than 2.5 million men would register and women would volunteer.

Question 9

what opportunities and challenges ww2 have presented to African American service men and women?

Answer 9

opportunity to fight
faced prejudice still being forced to do demeaning tasks
might be put in a compromising position
sense of serving for your country
sense of failure that is at risk.

Question 10

the Tuskegee experiment

Answer 10

there is the chance to have immense change, though there is still the vulnerability of being the first.
would come home to segregation still being in place, despite having had the chance to fight in the war.
would not be able to find a job, white people would believe that black people would not be able to fly a plane.
this would take place in march 1941.

Question 11

women’s auxiliary army corps- 1942

Answer 11

a support, would be involved in logistics limited to 10% black women.
Mary Bethune found the national council for negro women which was a way to further the fight for equality.

Question 12

W.J Cash the mind of the south 1941

Answer 12

Cash was a clergymen.
would characterise the KKK to be “anti-negro”, fundamentalist and vastly moral and military protestant.

Question 13

FEPC

Answer 13

would be issue through a 1941 executive order.
this would strengthened in 43/45 and would be increased by 8%
in 1946 this would be failed to be renewed.

Question 14

Double V Campaign

Answer 14

in 1942 a 26 year old soldier wrote to a black newspaper and said should I sacrifice my life to live half American.
this would link the victory of Nazism to the victory over racism. This would come from black newspapers that were growing in popularity, for example the Chicago defender, this would link to increased political awareness and an increased membership of the NAACP.
membership would be around one million by the time of Eisenhower.

Question 15

Truman’s Involvement for the early campaign for civil right

Answer 15

sept 1945 21 point programme
dec 1946 establish the presidential committee on civil rights
jun 1947 address the NAACP
JUL 1948:exec order to de segregate the armed forces.
he would not remain true to his southern background like how many people expected him to be, many would say that he would be an early pioneer for the cause.
would believe in the “brotherhood” of white and black men.

Question 16

how the Jim Crow laws affected Americans in the 20th century

Answer 16

Jim Crow laws would flourish into an oppressive society. NAACP would state that lynchings would become so prevalent in the south that they would send private investigator Walter White. this would also take place in the north as some states would make black people own property before they could vote.

Question 17

who is A Phillip Randolph

Answer 17

would found the nations first major black union in 1925
in 1934, amended the earlier railway labour act to comer workers in sleeping cars.
his activism would help to encourage Truman to de segregate armed forces.
highlights that people are willing to fight against the ill-treatment
would adopt a proactive but also peaceful approach to civil rights.

Question 18

who is thurgood marshall?

Answer 18

would challenge the university of Maryland over its law school segregation policy.
would found the NAACP legal defence fund in 1940 and would challenge plessy V Ferguson
“equal means getting the same thing at the the same time and at the same place”
would be nominated to the Supreme Court by president Johnson.

Question 19

the experience at home during WW2?

Answer 19

the great migration would take place, government contracts had created a huge demand for steady jobs and good wages, this would lead to a concentration of black families in industrial cities like Detroit and Chicago.

Question 20

what were key times of concerns during the 1940’s.

Answer 20

the 1943 Detroit race riot, this would involve 100,000 people and would lead to 34 deaths.
Army leaders would be concerned with Hollywood director Frank Capra was commissioned to make a film that would help to reduce prejudice, the Negro Soldier would be released in 1944- this would use a term that would be considered offensive today.

Question 21

African Americans in the south? (see earlier flashcards for Jim Crow laws)

Answer 21

compared to the jobs of the north many African Americans in the south would have to complete agricultural work, under the jurisdiction of the Jim Crow Laws. The church would be a very powerful force and black preachers would be offered a substantial amount of respect this would lead some people to not want to fight segregation.
there would still be a substantial level of fear from the threat of lynching, most prevalent in the 1920’s and 30’s.

Question 22

African Americans in the north?

Answer 22

prejudice would not exist in the north to the same level of the south due to Jim Crow laws not being enforced.
though the prejudice would come in the force of economic pressure and ghettoisation, black communities would be new in the north with only 8% of black people living out of the south in 1900.
there would often be cramped housing and prejudice would be installed by estate agents.
Adama Clayton Powell would help to increase the political presence with his induction into the House of Representatives.
often jobs were hard to find apart from the automobile industry in Detroit.
the justice system would be much tougher as Malcom X would discover when he would have to serve an 8-10 year sentence for burglary in 1946.

Question 23

“to secure these rights”

Answer 23

1947, this was a scathing attack of all parts of discrimination in the north and the south. this would largely focus on education, housing and voting as the prime concern,
Truman would respond during a joint session of congress in feb 1948 asking for the support on FEPC, anti lynhcing and protection of rights to vote.
may have somewhat contributed to his success.
the committee would set out four key rights that they would believe every person is entitled to, the right of safety and security of a person, the right to citizenship and privileges the right to freedom conscience and expression and the right to equality of opportunity.

Question 24

the opposition to the civil rights movement?

Answer 24

opposition from fellow democrats-
there would be a number of people within the Democratic Party that would hold racist beliefs including James O Eastland a senator for missile and governors like Fielding L Wright, which displays that the opposition to the CRM was broad.
people would be aware that segregation would be an important matter for their constituents.

wider context- the Republican Party would barely engage with the matter and Eisenhower would not mention it during his 1952 campaign, However it has to be noted that segregationist beliefs were starting to ruin the reputation of the US. in particular with regards to the creation of the UN and how this may look where the US was alienating people of African decent.

Question 25

what difficulties/positives would be faced by African American people?

Answer 25

51% of people would have yearly incomes that would be under 3000 and this would be compared to 18.4% of white people.
there would also be violence that was faced by African American people, the Detroit race riot would cause 400 people to be injured and, 5 to be killed and 5 million in property damage.
there would also be hardship faced by the 16% of black people who would fight for their country, they would come home to a country that was still segregated despite their efforts they were still second class citizens.

though there would also be positives that would come out of the war, more black people would register to vote than ever before, despite the actions such as grandfather clauses and the registration for the NAACP would go from 50,000 to 450,000.