Chapter Eight Flashcards
Organic compounds
Properties of crude oil
- Low density
- Not used in raw state
How is crude oil created
The sediment of bacteria, plankton and dead animals is effected by temperature and pressure causing oils and organic fats to be converted into hydrocarbons > this mixture of hydrocarbons is crude oil
What is hydrocarbons made out of
Only hydrogen and carbon atoms
What kind of carbon-carbon bonds do alkanes have
Single carbon-carbon bonds
What is an alkane said to be
Saturated
Homologous series
A series of molecules where each one differs by CH2 from the previous member
Compounds of the same homologous series have
- A similar structure
- A pattern to their physical properties
- Similar chemical properties
- The same general formula
What happens when the number of carbons and the size of the molecules increase within a homologous series
The strength of the forces between molecules increase and so the melting and boiling point of the alkanes increase
Stem name
Indicates how many carbon atoms are in the molecule
Meth-
1
Eth-
2
Prop-
3
But-
4
Pent-
5
Hex-
6
Hept-
7
Oct-
8
Non-
9
Dec-
10
How are alkanes names
By adding ‘ane’ to the end of the stem name
General formula for alkanes
Cn H2n+2
n = number of carbon atoms
Structural formulae
Shows all bonds in the molecule but lone pairs are omitted
Condensed structural formulae
Shows the atom that are connected to each carbon but not the bonds
Structural isomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms
CH3 (alkyl group)
Methyl side group
CH2CH3 (alkyl group)
Ethyl side group
Alkyl group general formula
Cn H2n+1
What kind of bonds do alkenes have
Double or even triple
What are alkenes said to be
Unsaturated
Are alkanes or alkenes mmore reactive
Alkenes
What are alkenes
A homologous series of hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond
What are alkanes
Hydrocarbons that only contain single carbon-carbon bonds
Cis-trans isomers
Atoms that are joined in the same order but have different arrangements in space
Can 2 atoms move around a single bond
Yes. Free rotation occurs around a single bond
Can 2 atoms move around a double bond
No. The double bond locks atoms into place and there is no rotation
Cis isomers
The same group on each carbon is on the same side of the bond
Trans isomers
The same group on each carbon is on the opposite sides of the bond
Benzene
C6H6
Substitution reactions include
- Presence of UV light
- One of the carbon-hydron bonds turn into carbon-halogen
- Inorganic product formed
- Requires a catalyst
Addition reactions include
- Adding a small molecule to the bond
- Double bond ‘opens’ becomes a single bond
- Unsaturated becomes saturated
- No inorganic product formed
Hydration reactions involve
Water
In complete combustion reactions
- Supply of oxygen is plentiful
- Water and CO2 is the product
- Release a significant amount of energy
In incomplete combustion reactions
- Supply of oxygen is limited
- CO is formed instead of CO2
What is a combustion reaction
The reaction between fuels and oxygen
