Chapter 9a Flashcards
inflammation
normal body defense mechanism which attempts to localize and remove injurious agent
inflammation responses to cell inury
- neutralizes harmful agents
- removes damaged and dead tissue
- generates new tissue
- promotes healing
localized signs of inflammation
- swelling
- redness
- pain
- heat/warmth
- loss of function
what are the two stages of acute inflammation
- vascular
- cellular
what is part of the vascular stage
- vasodilation
- capillaries become more permeable
vasodilation
- increasing blood flow to the injured area
- redness and warmth
what is the mediator for vasodilation of the vascular stage
- histamine
- nitric oxide
capillaries become more permeable
- allowing exudate to escape into the tissues
- swelling, pain, and impaired function result
mediator for capillaries becoming more permeable
histamine
cellular stage
- white blood cells enter the injured tissue:
- destroying infective organisms
- removing damaged cells
- releasing more inflammatory mediators to control further inflammation and healing
what are the mediators for cellular stage
- kinins
- histamine
- serotonin
cell derived mediators
- histamine
- nitric oxide
what are the different types of exudate
- serous
- fibrinous
- purulent
- bloody/hemorrhagic
- membranous
serous exudate
mostly water
fibrinous exudate
thick and sticky with a lot of fibrin and cell content
purulent exudate
thick, yellow green, pus
hemorrhagic exudate
if blood vessels are damaged - red
membranous exudate
necrotic cells with fibropurulent exudate
chronic inflammation
- result from recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process or from low grade response that failed to evoke an acute response
- last for weeks, months, years
causes of chronic inflammation
- silica
- viruses
- bacteria
- fungi
- obesity
systemic response to inflammation
- leukocytes release chemicals that cause fever and lethargy
- leukocytosis (increased WBC)
- increased ESR
- cellular enzymes appear in circulation
purpose of a fever
- slow down the replication of the pathogens.
- Pyrogens (fever producing cytokines) can be released by macrophages, invading bacteria or damaged cells.
- Pyrogens circulate in the blood and raise the hypothalamaus to reset the bodys temp - This is an attmept to kill pathogens in the system
Bodies response that causes the increase in body temperature:
- Vasoconstriction
- Shivering
- Increase BMR
- Curl up body
Bodies response that increased heat loss:
- Vasodilation
- Sweating
- Lethargy
- Extend body
what are the four fever patterns
- intermittent
- remittent
- sustained
- relapsed/recurrent
intermittent
fever returns to normal at least once every 24 hrs
remittent
fever does not go down and varies a few degrees in either direction
sustained fever
the temperature remains above normal with minimal variations
recurrent/relapse fever
there is one or more episodes of fever, each as long as several days with one or more days of normal temperature in between episodes
stages of fever
- prodromal
- second or chills
- third or flushed
- fourth or defervescence
prodromal period
headache, fatigue, general malaise, aches and pains
second or chills stage
goose bumps, cutaneous Vasoconstriction
third or flushed stage
cutaneous vasodilation, skin becomes warm and red
fourth or defervescence stage
initiation of sweating
