Chapter 3 Flashcards
atrophy
cell size gets smaller, resulting in a decreased tissue mass
hypertrophy
cell size gets bigger, resulting in enlarged tissue mass (lifting weights)
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells resulting in enlarged tissue mass
metaplasia
when one cells is under stressful condition it can adapt to a different cell to deal with that stress
dysplasia
cells begin to vary in shape and size, develop large nuclei, and increase the rate of mitosis - pre cancerous state
anaplasia
associated with cancer. cells are undifferentiated, have variable nuclei, cell structure, and mitotic figures
neoplasm
- tumor or new growth
- may be benign or malignant
- characteristics of each tumor depend on the specific type of cell from which the tumor arises, resulting in a unique appearance and growth pattern
stressed cells may fill up with:
- normal body substances
- abnormal endogenous substances produced by inborn errors or metabolism
- abnormal exogenous substances
normal body substances
- lipids
- proteins
- pigments
Abnormal endogenous
- made because person is missing an enzyme - dangerous to the body
abnormal exogenous substances
environmental agents and pigments that cannot be broken down by the cell
Dystrophic calcification
- normal calcium levels
- microscopic deposits of calcium salts in injured tissue
- components of the calcium deposits come from dead or dying cells
examples of dystrophic calcification
- advanced artherosclerosis
- damage heart valves
- TB lesions
metastatic calcification
- high calcium levels
- can be deposited in any soft tissue
examples of metastatic calcification
- hyperparathyroidism in renal faulure
- bone destruction
what are the causes of cell injury
- physical
- radiation
- chemical
- biologic agents
- nutritional imbalances
physical
- trauma
- heat and cold
- electricity
radiation
- ionizing
- unltraviolet
- nonionizing
chemical
- drugs
- lead
- mercury
biologic agents
- bacteria
- viruses
- parasites
nutritional imbalances
- fats
- mineral
- vitamin
- amino acids
necrosis
localized tissue death in an organ or or tissue in response to disease or injury and is still part of a living person
apoptosis
- programmed cell death
liquefactive necrosis
- necrotic area soft, filled with fluid
- tissue digestion: part of the brain dies and a hole is left
- bacterial infection
- brain
coagulative necrosis
- cells that die are replaced with connective tissue
- organs lose function but the shape of structure is maintained
- characteristic of infarcts on all organs except brain
gangrene
when a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis, typically coagulative necrosis that results from ischemia
what are the three different types of gangrene
- dry gangrene
- wet gangrene
- gas gangrene
dry gangrene
lack of arterial blood supply but venous flow can carry fluid out of tissue
- spreads slowly
- clear demarcation between normal tissue and gangrenous tissue
- confined to the extremities
- dry, shrinks/wrinkles, black
Wet gangrene
lack of venous flow, lets fluid accumulate in tissue
- area is cold, swollen, pulse-less, moist, black
- blebs form, foul odor from bacteria
- no clear sign of demarcation
- spread rapidly
- affects internal organs or extremities
gas gangrene
- most dangerous
- bacterial infection that produces gas in tissue
- caused by clostridium
- toxins produced cause muscle death, spreading of edema, hemolysis, renal failure
who is most at risk of developing gangrene
- diabetes
- atherosclerosis
- peripheral arterial disease
- raynaurds
- serious injury (car acc)
- -weakened immune system
