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8: Respiratory System > Chapter 99 Nasal Planum, Nasal Cavity and Sinuses > Flashcards

Chapter 99 Nasal Planum, Nasal Cavity and Sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three nasal cartilages and two ligaments

A

Dorsal lateral cartilage

Ventral lateral cartilage

Accessory cartilage

Single dorsal nasal ligament, paired lateral nasal ligaments

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2
Q

Name three muscles responsibel to opening of the nares

Which nerve innervates them?

A
  • Levator nasolabialis*
  • Orbicularis oris (branch of this muscle)*
  • Levator labii maxillaries*

Innervated by facial nerve

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3
Q

Name the four air passages/meatuses

A

Dorsal, middle, ventral , common

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4
Q

What is the alar fold?

A

Bulbous extension of ventral nasal chonchae

(that fuses with wing of nostril)

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5
Q

Name the three paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal, sphenoidal and maxiallary recess.

N.B sphenoidal not considered a sinus in dog as completely occupied by endoturbinate IV

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6
Q

In dogs the frontal sinuses are divided into three compartments. Name them. What is the name of the drainiange passage?

A

Rostral (b), medial and lateral (d)

Nasofrontal opening

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7
Q

What radiographic criterion had greatest predictive value for diagosis of nasal neoplasia?

What 2 radiographic signs were consistent with rhinitis?

A

Destruction of surrounding bones (lacrimal, palatine, maxillary)

Lack of frontal sinus lesion and lack of lucent foci

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8
Q

What is the significance of septal deviation inn cats and dogs?

A

Significant in dogs, not in cats.

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9
Q

What is a characteristic radiographic sign of fungal rhinitis?

A

Cavitary lesions/punctate bony lucency/chonchal lysis

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10
Q

List 5 neoplastic and 5 non-neoplastic differentials for a nasal planum lesions

A
  1. SCC
  2. Fibrosarcoma
  3. Lymphoma
  4. Haemoangiosarcoma
  5. Malignant melanoma
  6. Arteritis
  7. Discoid lupus erythematosus
  8. Systemic lupus erythematosus
  9. Pemphigus complex
  10. Idiopathic depigmentation (vitiligo +- uveodermatological syndrome)
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11
Q

What is the MST of dogs with nasal planum SCC treated with

  1. Surgery alone
  2. Radiation alone

And MST in cats treated (doesnt specify how…)

A
  1. Surgery alone in dogs 12 week s
  2. Radiation alone in dogs 26 weeks

Cats treated 12 months…

Surgery is treatment of choice +- adjuvant treatment

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12
Q

What is the most common form of nasal neoplasia in cats, and in dogs

A

Cats = lymphoma

Dogs = adenocarcinoma

Radiation is treatment of choice for nasal tumours as surgery not shown to improve survival

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13
Q

What is the most common nasal fungal infection in dogs?

And in cats?

A
  • Aspergillus fumigatus* in dogs
  • Cryptococcus neoformans* in cats
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14
Q

List three broad treatment options for fungal rhinosinusitis

A
  1. Trephination and infusion
  2. Catheter infusion
  3. Sinusotomy/rhinotomy
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15
Q

What % of dogs with aspergillus treated with infusion catheters rsolves after

  1. First instillation?
  2. Overall (up to 4 infusions)
A
  1. 65% resolved after single infusion
  2. 87% cured after repeated infusion
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16
Q

name unusual cause of sneezin g(+ associated with GDV risk)

A

Nasal mites (Pneumonyssoides caninum)

17
Q

Ciliary dyskinesia often seen as part of Kartagener syndrome, What 3 features = this syndrome?

A
  1. Situs inversus
  2. Rhinosinusitis
  3. Bronchiectasis
18
Q

Risks of nasopharyngeal polyp removal by traction avulsion

A
  1. Recurrence (64% of thise not treated with pred)
  2. Horner’s syndrome
  3. Vestibular signs
19
Q

How is choanal atresia classified? What clinical signs can be expected?

A

Partial vs Complete

and

Osseous vs Membranous

C/s: Difficulty suckling, chronic nasal discharge, dyspnoea

20
Q

List 3 treatment options for nasopharyngeal stenosis.

A
  1. Open surgical resection
  2. Endoscopic (or fluoro) guided baloon dilation
  3. Stent (covered if completely closed, uncovered if open stricture). Complications = fracture, migration, oronasal fistula, tissue ingrowth, exaggerated swallowing hairball entrapment
21
Q

Label maxiallry, infraorbital, major palatine, dorsal nasal and lateral nasal arteries.

A
22
Q

List 4 rhinotomy approaches

A
  1. Dorsal
  2. Ventral
  3. Lateral
  4. Rostral/alveolar mucosal
23
Q

Why is maxillary artery compression an concern in cats?

A

Internal carotid artery regressed during embryoinc development. Cerebral perfusion is largely dependent of maxiallary artery (branch of external carotid). Cats also have greater supply from vertebral artery cf dogs.

24
Q

List 4 advantages of ventral rhinotomy over dorsal.

When should ventral not be performed (or with great care) and why?

A
  1. Faster recovery
  2. Lower risk of sc emphysema
  3. Less post-op pain
  4. More cosmetic closure

Avoid in growing animal as can affect muzzle growth

8: Respiratory System (5 decks)

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