Chapter 100 Palate Flashcards
Which pair of pharyngeal arches give rise to the ventral mandibular and dorsal maxillary prominences?
The first
How many transverse ridges does the hard palate contain?
6-10
What runs through the major palatine foramen?
Major palatine artery and major palatine branch of maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CV V, sensation to hard palate)
At what level does the major palatine foramen sit?
4th pre-molar (slightly more cranial in cats), approx 0.5-1.0 cm medial to tooth
What is the main blood supply to the soft palate?
Minor palatine artery
(branch of Maxillary artery before it enters the infraorbital canal through the maxillary foramen)
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to soft palate?
Minor palatine branch of maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CN V)
What are the three main palatal muscles and what is the function of each?
Palatinus: Rostrocaudal shortening
Levator veli palatini: Elevates caudal palate
Tensor veli palpatini: tenses palate (i.e. stretches between palatine bones)
What are the two functions of the soft palate during swallowing?
- Senory input to trigger swallowing
- Closure of intrapharyngeal opening
On which side to cleft defects most commonly occur?
Left
In dogs, palatal defects can occur if an insult is encountered during a specific time window of foetal development - when?
25-28d
At what age is repair of congenital palate defects most commonly performed?
3-4 months of age
List 5 possibel clinical signs of a cleft palpate
- Failure to suckle
- Nasal discharge
- Coughing/gagging
- Sneezing
- Nasal reflux
N.b. Similar to choanal atresia signs
What are the surgical goals of palate defects?
Closure of well vascularies and tension free tissues separating oral and nasal passages
What is the usual time frame betwen tooth extarction and definitive surgery?
6-8 weeks
List two techniques for closure of a hard palate defects and an indication for each
- Overlapping flap: Midline hard palate clefts. Cut 1-2mm in from gingiva. Overlapping flap and envelope flap. Affix with mattress sutures.
- Medially positioned flap technique: Cats with traumatic midline clefts. Essentially a bi-pedicle flap. Can be uni- or bilateral
Care re major palatine arteries
What technique is usually used for midline clefts of the soft palpate?
Medially positioned flap technique. C.f. medially positioned flap technique for hard palate repir, this does not require ‘releasing’ incisions abaxially. Just cut axial edges of palate, dissect leterally between oral mucosa and nasal mucosa, and close in 2 layer, simple interrupted.
What technique is usually used to close an oronasal fistula?
Labial-based mucoperiosteal flap
List 3 techniques/options for closure of a large (caudal) palate defects
- Split palatal U-flap technique (for hard palate, (?for rostral soft palate??))
- Local (based on major palatine or infraorbital arteries) or distant axial pattern flaps (bases on angularis oris, caudal auricular, superficial temporal, superficial cervical arteries)
- Prostheses (PDS plate reported by Martin, JAVMA, 2019)/obturator/free auricular cartilage graft
What % of airway resistance does the nose contribute in normal dogs?
80%
What is the formula for Poiseuille’s law?
Q = πΔPr4/8ŋl
where Q is the rate of flow; ΔP is the pressure difference between the ends of the airway; r is the radius of the airway; ŋ is the viscosity of the gas; and l is the length of the airway, with flow being proportional to the radius of the airway to the fourth power
What concurrent cardiac condition is often seen in bulldogs?
Congenital pulmonic stenosis
(+ abberrant coronary artery)
What is the proposed level of palate resection?
Caudal border of palatine tonsils
What is the reported outcome after palate resection?
good- excellent in 90%
