Chapter 9 Workbook Questions Flashcards
During acute appendicitis, the contribution of the somatosensory nociceptive afferents is which of the following?
A. Regulation of visceral function
B. Production of skeletal muscle guarding to protect the appendix
C. Modulation of respiratory function
D. Signaling visceral distress to the brain
E. Signaling conscious awareness of pain in the umbilical region
F: Stimulation of nociceptive second-order neurons results in pain sensation referred to the umbilical region (see Figure 9-4).
Areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that modulate autonomic control include which of the following? A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Limbic system D. Both A and B E. A, B, and C
E: The hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system modulate brainstem autonomic control.
Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of the autonomic efferent system?
A. Innervates blood vessels in skeletal muscle.
B. Hormones regulate effector control.
C. Is usually a two-neuron pathway with a synapse outside the CNS.
D. Activation of effectors is usually voluntary.
E. Neurotransmitters are used for signaling.
D: Unlike the somatic nervous system, regulation of autonomic functions is typically nonconscious and can be exerted by hormones.
Which neurotransmitter do the following types of neurons release?
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate the heart
Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter do the following types of neurons release?
Preganglionic autonomic neurons
Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter do the following types of neurons release?
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter do the following types of neurons release?
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate most vessels in skeletal muscle
Norepinephrine
Sympathetic activation does NOT produce which of the following?
A. Increased blood flow to active muscles
B. Increased blood glucose levels
C. Increased digestive activity
D. Dilation of bronchioles
E. Increased heart rate
C: The role of the sympathetic nervous system is often illustrated by describing the physiologic responses to fear. When an individual feels threatened, the sympathetic nervous system prepares for vigorous muscle activity; that is, it prepares for fight or flight. Vasoconstriction in the skin and gut increases blood flow to active muscles. Blood glucose levels increase, bronchi and coronary vessels dilate, and blood pressure and heart rate increase. Simultaneously, sympathetic firing reduces activity in the digestive system.
Capacitance vessels include which of the following?
A. Skeletal muscle veins and venules
B. Arterioles in the skin
C. Arterioles in the CNS
D. Skeletal muscle arteries and arterioles
E. Arteries in the abdomen
A: Skeletal muscle veins and venules are called capacitance vessels because blood pools in these vessels when their walls are relaxed.
Drugs that block beta-1 (β1) receptors are used to treat which one of the following? A. Asthma B. Excess sweating C. Metabolic disorders D. Tachycardia E. Vagus nerve disorders
D: β1-blockers decrease heart rate and contractility without affecting the airways.
Pupil constriction
What system produces this effect?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Emptying of the bladder
What system produces this effect?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Pupil dilation
What system produces this effect?
Sympathetic nervous system
Skeletal muscle contraction
What system produces this effect?
Somatic nervous system
Optimizing blood flow in the organs
What system produces this effect?
Sympathetic nervous system
Decreased heart rate
What system produces this effect?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Complete severance of a peripheral nerve
What sings and symptoms would be seen with this type of lesion?
Loss of control of smooth muscle in blood vessels, temperature regulation, and sweating in a peripheral nerve distribution
Complete severance of the cervical spinal cord
What sings and symptoms would be seen with this type of lesion?
Total loss of voluntary control of the bladder, bowel, and genital function; poor regulation of blood pressure and core body temperature
Lesion in the brainstem
What sings and symptoms would be seen with this type of lesion?
Interference with regulation of blood pressure, heart rate, or respiration; may affect pupil constriction, tear production, salivation, or visceral regulation
Lesion in the hypothalamus region
What sings and symptoms would be seen with this type of lesion?
Disruption of behavior and metabolism; may cause abnormalities of weight control and thermoregulation
Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?
A. Autonomic nuclei of the brainstem
B. Lateral horn of spinal cord T1-L2 levels
C. Lateral horn of spinal cord S2-S4 levels
D. Ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord
E. Ganglia near the thoracic cavity
B: Cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord gray matter from the T1 to L2 levels.
Autonomic regulation of the heart is dependent on which one of the following?
A. Parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve
B. Sympathetic fibers from the thoracic level
C. Periaqueductal gray
D. Both A and B
E. A, B, and C
D: Sympathetic effects on the thoracic viscera include increasing heart rate and contractility (see Figure 9-11). Parasympathetic efferent fibers in the vagus nerve innervate the heart and the smooth muscle of the lungs and digestive system. Vagus nerve activity to the heart produces either bradycardia (slowing of the heart rate) or decreased cardiac contraction force.
Which one of the following signs occurs in Horner’s syndrome?
A. Drooping of the upper eyelid
B. Constriction of the pupil of the eye
C. Vasodilation of skin, with an absence of sweating on the ipsilateral side of the face and neck
D. Both A and B
E. A, B, and C
E: If a lesion affects the sympathetic pathway to the head, then sympathetic activity on one side of the head is decreased. This reduction leads to ipsilateral drooping of the upper eyelid, constriction of the pupil, and skin vasodilation, with the absence of sweating on the ipsilateral side of the face and neck.
Which one of the following is NOT a cause of syncope? A. Insufficient cardiac output B. Hypoxia C. Hyperglycemia D. Strong emotions E. Hypoglycemia
C: Syncope (fainting) is a brief loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain. Causes include powerful emotions, insufficient cardiac output, hypoxia, and hypoglycemia.
