Chapter 19 Workbook Questions Flashcards
Which of the following is(are) the function(s) of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system?
A. To provide water and certain amino acids to the extracellular fluid
B. To supply specific ions to the extracellular fluid
C. To provide buoyancy to the brain
D. A and B
E. A, B, and C
E: The CSF system works to regulate the extracellular milieu by supplying water, amino acids, and specific ions to the extracellular fluid. In addition, the buoyancy provided by the CSF provides protects the brain by absorbing some of the impact when the head is struck.
What structure is above the body of the lateral ventricle? A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Caudate D. Corpus callosum E. Lenticular nucleus
D: The lateral ventricles are formed by the caudate nucleus laterally, with the tail of the caudate above the inferior horn. Below the lateral ventricle is the thalamus and above is the corpus callosum.
Where is CSF normally found? A. In the subarachnoid space B. Between the dura and the skull C. In the subdural space D. Between the pia mater and the brain E. None of the above
A: CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle via the interventricular foramina and then into the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct. After exiting the fourth ventricle, CSF enters the subarachnoid space, where it flows around the brain and spinal cord.
Vertebrobasilar artery ischemia is associated with: A. Diplopia B. Ataxia C. Weakness D. Oropharyngeal dysfunction E. All of the above
E: The most common signs of vertebrobasilar artery ischemia are gait and limb ataxia, limb weakness, oculomotor palsies, and oropharyngeal dysfunction. Other frequent signs and symptoms are loss of vision, double vision, numbness, dizziness, vertigo, headache, and vomiting.
Lacunar infarctions:
A. Are due to hemorrhage.
B. Typically result in severe residual disability.
C. Produce small avascular cavities in the brain.
D. Are a form of TIAs.
E. Occur most often in the anterior cerebral artery.
C: Obstructions of blood flow in small, deep arteries result in lacunar infarctions. Lacunae are small cavities that remain after the necrotic tissue is cleared away. These infarctions occur most often in the basal ganglia, internal capsule, thalamus, and brainstem. Signs of lacunar infarctions develop slowly and are often either purely motor or purely sensory, with good recovery being common.
Partial occlusion of the basilar artery may cause: A. Tetraplegia B. Loss of sensation C. Coma D. Cranial nerve signs E. All of the above
E: Partial occlusion of the basilar artery can result in tetraplegia, loss of sensation, coma, and cranial nerve dysfunction. Severe occlusion can result in locked-in syndrome or death.
Acute cerebellar infarction typically produces which of the following?
A. Dizziness and/or vertigo with a lack of balance
B. Nausea and vomiting, dysarthria, and headache
C. Receptive aphasia
D. A and B
E. A, B, and C
D: The most common symptoms of acute cerebellar infarction are dizziness and/or vertigo, an inability to sit upright without support, difficulty walking, nausea and vomiting, dysarthria, and headache.
Which of the following stimulate vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries?
A. Low blood pressure
B. Low pH levels (acidic)
C. Low oxygen (O2) concentrations
D. Low carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations
D: Cerebral arteries regulate blood flow that is based primarily on blood pressure and metabolites. Vasodilation will occur if the blood pressure or the O2 or pH levels are too low or if the CO2 or lactic acid levels are excessive. Conversely, vasoconstriction will occur when the blood pressure or the O2, or pH levels are excessive or if the CO2 or lactic acid levels are too low.
Which of the following events occurs with prolonged cerebral edema?
A. Fluid leakage from damaged capillaries
B. Arterial dilation with increased capillary pressures
C. Lack of blood flow and O2 delivery
D. All of the above
D: In cerebral edema, fluid leaks from damaged capillaries and accumulates in the brain. This increased fluid pressure often results in ischemia, which causes the arterioles to dilate, increasing the capillary pressure and producing further edema. A lack of O2 also makes the capillaries more permeable, allowing more fluid to escape into the extracellular compartment.
Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and ischemia of the inferior parietofrontal lobes of the right hemisphere may result in which of the following? A. Impaired nonverbal communication B. Apraxia C. Hemispatial and hemipersonal neglect D. All of the above E. None of the above
D: Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery may damage the optic radiation and portions of the sensorimotor cortex. In the right hemisphere, this damage often results in a difficulty understanding spatial relationships, neglect, and impairment of nonverbal communications.
Venous blood that accumulates in the dural sinus will drain into which of the following? A. Watershed area B. Internal carotid vein C. Jugular vein D. Fourth ventricle E. None of the above
C: Venous blood from the cerebral veins drains into the dural sinuses and eventually into the internal jugular vein.
Based upon the following symptoms - be able to match where the most likely lesion site is located
Venous bleeding that is associated with confusion, gradual worsening of headache, vomiting, decreasing consciousness and hemiparesis
Subdural hematoma
Based upon the following symptoms - be able to match where the most likely lesion site is located
Disproportionately large head size, inactivity, and downward gaze of the eyes.
Hydrocephalus in infants
Based upon the following symptoms - be able to match where the most likely lesion site is located
Arterial bleeding, followed by a worsening headache, vomiting, decreased consciousness, and hemiparesis.
Epidural hematoma
Based upon the following symptoms - be able to match where the most likely lesion site is located
Headache that is associated with increasing pressure, gait and balance impairments, and incontinence.
Hydrocephalus in adults
